Xa sibhekisa kwigama leKrakatoa sibhekisa kwisiqithi sentaba-mlilo esikuSunda Strait kwiphondo laseLampung, phakathi kweJava neSumatra, Indonesia. Nangona ibizwa Intaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa, kwesi siqithi sineekhowuni ezintathu zentaba-mlilo. Yaduma ngenxa yentlekele enkulu eyayibangelwe ngo-3 xa ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lwatshabalalisa sonke eso siqithi lwaza lwachaphazela nemimandla ekufutshane.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga nemvelaphi, ukubunjwa kunye neempawu zentaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Indonesia lilizwe elinentaba-mlilo kakhulu kuba ineentaba-mlilo ezimalunga ne-130, ngaphezulu kwalo naliphi na elinye ilizwe emhlabeni. Ke ngoko, akuqhelekanga ukuba abahlali babone ukuqhuma rhoqo kunye nokuqhuma kobunzulu obuhlukeneyo. Intaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa yi stratovolcano, equlathe udaka, uthuthu, ipumice kunye nezinye izinto zepiroclastic.
Isiqithi siikhilomitha ezili-9 ubude, iikhilomitha ezi-5 ububanzi kwaye sinommandla omalunga neekhilomitha ezisikwere ezingama-28. ILakata emazantsi ziimitha ezingama-813-820 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle; IPebu Atan emantla ziimitha ezili-120 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle kunye neDanan embindini ziimitha ezingama-445-450 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle.
Kuba iKrakatoa iyi-stratovolcano kwaye olu hlobo lwe-volcano luhlala lufunyanwa ngaphezulu kwemimandla yokuthimba, ibekwe kwi-Plate yase-Eurasian kunye ne-Indo-Australia. Indawo yokuthimba yindawo apho kutshatyalaliswa ulwandlekazi kuba omoya wokuhambisa uyahlangana apho. Ngenxa yoko, ipleyiti enye yetectonic icwila phantsi kwenye.
Ngaphambi kogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo ye-1883, iKrakatoa yayiyinxalenye yeqela elincinci leziqithi ezikufuphi: iLang, iVenlaten, kunye nesiqithi sasePoolsche Hoed, kunye nezinye iziqithi ezincinci. Zonke ezi ziintsalela zeentaba-mlilo ezinkulu ezathi zenzeka ngamanye amaxesha kwi ixesha langaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali kwaye kwenziwa ikhilomitha ye-7 ubude okanye uxinzelelo phakathi kwabo. Intsalela yokuqhushumba kwentaba-mlilo yakudala yaqala ukudibana, kwaye emva kweminyaka emininzi, ngenxa yomsebenzi weetectonic plate, ii-cones zadityaniswa zakha iSiqithi saseKrakatoa.
Ukuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo zaseKrakatoa
Intaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa yaziwa njengenye yeentaba-mlilo ezitshabalalisayo. Ngapha koko, iintaba-mlilo ezahluliweyo zibonakaliswa kukuqhushumba ngenxa yokuba udaka lwazo luqulathe isixa esikhulu se-andesite kunye ne-dacite, eyenza ukuba ibonakale kakhulu kwaye ibangele uxinzelelo lwegesi ukuba lukhule lube kwinqanaba eliphezulu kakhulu.
Akukho ngxelo icacileyo yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo endala kakhulu. Ngo-416 d. C., oku kukhankanyiwe kwincwadi yesandla "iPararaton okanye iNcwadi yooKumkani" kwimbali yookumkani baseMpuma Java. C. Kukho uqhushumbo olungekangqinwa kwimbali. Ngokufanelekileyo, ngo-AD 535. C. Olu dubulo lwenzeka kwiinyanga ezininzi, olube nefuthe elikhulu kwimozulu ye-hemisphere esemantla.
Kuyabonakala ukuba kwabakho iziqhushumbisi ezibini ngo-1681, ezabonwayo zaza zarekhodwa kwiidayari zabaqhubi benqanawa baseDatshi uJohn W. Vogel no-Elias Hesse. Kwiminyaka elandelayo, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo wawusomelele, kodwa emva koko wehla kwaye wawungasabonakali ubungozi kubahlali. Nkqu nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1880, intaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa yathathwa ngokuba ayisekho kuba uqhushumbo lokugqibela lwenzeka ngo-1681. Nangona kunjalo, le meko yayisele iza kutshintsha.
Ngomhla we-20 kaMeyi, ngo-1883, uPerbuatan waqala ukukhupha uthuli nothuthu. Ngaloo ntsasa, umphathi wenqanawa yaseJamani uElizabeth waxela ukuba yabona amafu malunga ne-9-11 yeekhilomitha ukuphakama kwisiqithi esingahlali bantu saseKrakatoa. Phakathi kuJuni, i-Perbuatan crater yaphantse yatshatyalaliswa. Umsebenzi akazange ayeke, kodwa ngo-Agasti wafumana inqanaba intlekele.
Malunga ne-1 emva kwemini ngeCawa, nge-26 ka-Agasti, iKrakatoa yafumana uqhushumbo lokuqala, njengoko uqhushumbo oluva ngequbuliso lwadala ilifu lobutyoboIphakame ngeekhilomitha ezingama-25 ngaphezulu kwesiqithi kwaye yasasazeka emantla de yafikelela ubuncinci beekhilomitha ezingama-36 ukuphakama. Okona kwenzekayo ngosuku olulandelayo: ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluqokelelweyo, bekukho iziqhushumbisi ezi-4 kusasa, eziphantse zaqhushumba isiqithi. NgoAgasti 1883, kwabakho iziqhushumbisi ezine ezasitshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo esi siqithi.
Ingxolo evelisiweyo ithathelwe ingqalelo njengesona sandi sikhulu embalini kwaye yaphula iindlebe zabantu abakufutshane nendawo leyo. Esi sandi sasivakala malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-3.110 ukusuka ePerth, eNtshona Australia naseMauritius. Ngenxa yokuqhuma kobundlobongela, kwenzeka itsunami, amaza afikelela kubude obumalunga neemitha ezingama-40 kwaye ahambela kunxweme olusentshona yeSumatra, eNtshona Java nakwiziqithi ezikufuphi ngesantya esimalunga neekhilomitha ezili-1.120 ngeyure. Abantu ababhubhileyo bangaphezulu kwama-36.000.
Uthuli kunye negesi ekhutshwe yi-Krakatoa volcano ngo-1883 yahlala isemoyeni kangangeminyaka emi-3. Intaba-mlilo yanyamalala kwaza kwadalwa nomngxuma omtsha, kwaza kwangowe-1927 apho le ndawo yaqala ukubonisa iimpawu zomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Isiqithi esitsha se-volcanic savela ngo-1930 kwaye kamva kwathiwa ngu-Anak Krakatoa (unyana ka Krakatoa). Isiqithi sikhula njengoko iminyaka ihamba.
Imozulu, iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
Isiqithi sinemozulu eshushu kwaye efumileyo enamaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-26 ° nama-27 ° ngokukaCelsius. Ukuqhuma okukhulu kwatshabalalisa bonke ubomi kuloo ndawo kwaye kwavela kwakhona ngo-1927 njenge-Anak Krakatoa volcano. Kodwa zizonke, kukho iintlobo ezingama-40.000 zezityalo eIndonesia, kubandakanya i-3.000 yemithi kunye ne-5.000 orchids. Iindawo ezisezantsi ezisemantla zommandla zilawulwa luhlaza lwamahlathi, kwaye iindawo ezisezantsi ezisezantsi zilawulwa yimangrove kunye nipa palms.
Izilwanyana zenziwe ziintlobo ezivela kwimimandla yetropiki yaseAfrika naseMelika, kodwa isiqithi ngasinye sineentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Iiorangutan zinokubonwa kuphela eSumatra naseBorneo; izingwe eSumatra naseJava, inyathi kunye neendlovu kwiJava naseBorneo, kuphela itapir kunye nesiamang eSumatra.
Njengoko ubona, kukho iintaba-mlilo eziye zaphawula kwangaphambili nasemva kwimbali. Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nentaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa kunye neempawu zayo.