Xa umoya ubhudla ngamandla phezu komhlaba owomileyo ongenazityalo, izaqhwithi zesanti nothuli zikholisa ukwenzeka kwiintlango nakwintlango. Ezi zaqhwithi ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa izixa ezikhulu zamasuntswana emoyeni. Iziganeko ezinkulu ze-atmospheric zihlala zibandakanya ukunyuka kwamaqhekeza ukuya kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwi-atmospheri kunye nokuthutha kwazo okulandelayo kwimigama emikhulu, ngamanye amaxesha ukuwela iilwandle.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni na iziphumo zesanti nothuli lwezaqhwithi elwandle.
Iziphumo zesanti nothuli lwezaqhwithi elwandle
Ukukhathazeka malunga noluntu kunye nempembelelo yalo ekufezekisweni kweeNjongo zoPhuhliso oluZinzileyo (SDGs) lukhula phakathi koorhulumente kunye noluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ubuninzi kunye nobukhulu bale ngxaki bunokwahluka ngokwemimandla eyahlukeneyo.
Amaxesha ezivuthuvuthu zothuli zenzeka amaxesha amaninzi apha enyakeni kwaye abonakaliswe ngonxibelelwano oluqinileyo nokutshintsha kwamaxesha onyaka. Ukwahluka kweempawu zayo kunokuthi kwenzeke utshintsho olubalulekileyo ngonyaka. Ukongeza, babonisa indalo eyamkelekileyo kwiimeko zembalela kunye nezinye izinto zokusingqongileyo.
Izinto ezinegalelo kule nto ziquka i-El Niño-Southern Oscillation kunye ne-North Atlantic Oscillation. Imimandla ebharhileyo yehlabathi ichatshazelwa kakhulu zezi ndlela zemozulu.
Izaqhwithi zesanti kunye nothuli ezisoloko zisebenza zivela kwimimandla emininzi yoMntla weIkhweyitha, kuquka uMntla Afrika, uMbindi Mpuma, kunye nomzantsi-ntshona, umbindi kunye nomntla-mpuma weAsia. Ezi ndawo zisebenza njengemithombo emikhulu yesanti kunye nezaqhwithi zothuli, kwaye kukho iindawo ezininzi ezinegalelo kule nto.
Kukho imithombo emincinci nangaphantsi kwamandla akhoyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo, njengaseMzantsi Melika, emantla nakumazantsi e-Afrika, e-Australia nase-Iceland. Ukubaluleka kwale mithombo, ngokubhekiselele komnye nomnye, kuhlala kungaqinisekanga.
Intlango yaseSahara
INtlango yeSahara inegalelo elikhulu lothuli kwimimandla eyintlango, ngenxa yeenkqubo zendalo zokhukuliseko lomoya kunye nezo zichatshazelwa kakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu, ngakumbi ngenxa yezenzo zezolimo ezingonelanga kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi ngokugqithisileyo. Le ntlango inkulu ivelisa uthuli oluninzi xa ithelekiswa nezinye iintlango ehlabathini.
Impembelelo yokukhutshwa kothuli kumhlaba jikelele ibalulekile kwaye imele i-55% yazo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo. Iziphumo zoku kukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo ziphawuleka ngakumbi kwimimandla efana neNorth Atlantic, uLwandle lweCaribbean, uLwandle lweMeditera kunye noLwandle oluBomvu. Ngonyaka, izaqhwithi zesanti nothuli zithutha amasuntswana amaninzi kule mimandla.
Uthuli lwasentlango luqulunqwe malunga neetoni ezizigidi ezingama-500 zeeminerali, izondlo, kunye nezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic. Ubukho bothuli bunempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwintlobo-ntlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana eziphilayo zaselwandle, zisebenza njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo yangaphandle. Yindibaniselwano yezondlo eziyimfuneko kunye ne-trace elements.
Inkqubo ye-metabolic ye-phytoplankton, ezizintsholongwane ezineseli enye ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi, iphenjelelwa kukubonelela ngomoya kwezi zinto zibalulekileyo.
Imijikelo yekhabhoni, initrogen, isulfure, iphosphorus kunye nesilicon elwandle ichatshazelwa kakhulu ziidrives ezingundoqo.. Ngaphaya koko, isiphumo sokuchumisa sothuli kukholelwa ukuba sidlala indima ebalulekileyo kule mijikelo ye-biogeochemical.
Ubukho bothuli lwasentlango bunempembelelo enkulu kwinkangeleko yealgae, esebenza njengomthombo wokutya obalulekileyo kwizinto eziphilayo zaselwandle. Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo ezithile ze-algal blooms, ezaziwa ngokuba "zii-algal blooms ezinobungozi," zinokuba nemiphumo emibi kwimpilo yabantu kunye nemisebenzi yezoqoqosho. Ngaphandle koko, ukubekwa kwamasuntswana othuli nako kunokuphembelela le nkqubo.
Unobangela wokwakheka kwesargassum ngokungaqhelekanga okubonwe kuLwandle lweCaribbean ukusukela ngo-2011, kunye nakunxweme lwaseNtshona Afrika naseBrazil kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, awukaziwa.
Indima yothuli lwasentlango ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwe-sargassum sisihloko sengxoxo eqhubekayo. Kukho ithuba lokuba izondlo ezithwalwa luthuli lwasentlango zinegalelo ekwandeni kwesargassum. Uphononongo luchonge unxibelelwano phakathi kokubunjwa kothuli kunye nokukhula kwezi algae.
Iinkqubo zentlango kunye ne-coral reef
Intlalontle yeengqaqa ze-coral iphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi ezinxibeleleneyo kwaye, phakathi kwazo, izifo ziye zavela njengegalelo elikhulu ekuwohlokeni kwamva nje kweengqaqa zekorale emhlabeni jikelele. Uninzi lwezi zifo zinxulumene ne-microorganisms ezithwalwa ngokubekwa kothuli lwasentlango.
Ubukho bothuli bunokuba negalelo ekubeni sesichengeni kweengqaqa zekorale, kubenze bachaphazeleke ngakumbi kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela kakubi impilo yabo. Uthuli ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwintlalo-ntle jikelele yee-coral reefs.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-dimethyl sulfide (DMS) ngephytoplankton, echunyiswa luthuli lwasentlango olutyebileyo ngesinyithi, kunokuba nemiphumo engangqalanga. Le nkqubo idala i-nuclei ye-condensation eyongezelelweyo yefu, ekhokelela kwiimpendulo zempendulo ezichaphazela iimeko zemozulu zendawo. Uthuli lukwadlala indima kule nkqubo.
Umjikelo wekhabhoni wehlabathi uphenjelelwa kakhulu yindima edlalwa luthuli lwasentlango, oluthi lube neziphumo ezingathanga ngqo kwinkqubo yemozulu. Le nxaxheba isiphumo sokusebenzisana phakathi kothuli lwasentlango kunye ne-microorganisms ezijongene nemveliso yokuqala. Kufana nebhombu ebangela uthotho lweenkqubo zendalo.
Inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi "biological carbon" ikhokelela ekufunxeni kwekhabhoni ukusuka kwiatmosfera ukuya elwandle, nto leyo eneziphumo zempendulo kwimozulu.
Ichaphazela kuLwandlekazi oluMazantsi
KuLwandle lwaseMazantsi, apho imveliso iphezulu, ikharbon diokside kunye nezondlo ziguqulwa zibe yiorganic carbon. Le carbon iye izike iye kutshona enzulwini yolwandle, ibole, ize ekugqibeleni ingcwatywe kwintlenga.
Nangona ukunqongophala kwentsimbi kunokubangela imida kwimveliso yokuqala, Ukubaluleka kwayo kubonakala ngokukodwa ekusebenzeni kwempompo yebhayoloji yekhabhoni. Kusekho ukungaqiniseki okuninzi malunga nalo mba.
Kukho izifundo ezigxininisa ukubaluleka kokubeka iliso rhoqo kunye nophando kwiinkalo eziphambili, ezinokubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo kuphuhliso lwemigaqo-nkqubo esebenzayo. Ukuqonda okufunyenwe kuphando kunokusebenza njengesiseko sokuqulunqa izicwangciso ezifanelekileyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemiphumo yezaqhwithi zothuli elwandle.