La izimbiwa Yinzululwazi ethathwe kwijoloji egxile kuphononongo nakwimbonakalo yezimbiwa. Imaminerali ayikho enye into ngaphandle kokuqina okune-homogeneous ene-definite chemical composition. Ikwanaso nesakhiwo se-athomu esilungelelanisiweyo kwaye ngokubanzi senziwe ngokweenkqubo zendalo ezingaphiliyo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi izifundo ze-mineralogy kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kwinqanaba lesayensi.
Izimbiwa
Ekuhambeni kwexesha kuye kwahlulwa ezohlukeneyo izimbiwa kodwa kususela embindini wenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba xa ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali bekuyeyona nto iphambili kuhlelo lwabo. Amaminerali ahlelwa ngokweenqwelomoya okanye amaqela e-anionic ahamba phambili kwimichiza yawo. Ngale ndlela, asifumani iiklasi ezichaziweyo zezimbiwa ezineempawu ezifanayo ngokufanayo. Umzekelo, enye yeempawu ezinokufana neqela elinye okanye nangaphezulu lweeminerali kukuba zivela kuhlobo olunye lweedipozithi.
Iiklasi eziphambili ezibonwe kwimaminerali yile:
- Izinto zendalo
- Isalufa kunye nesalfosalts
- I-oxides kunye nehydroxides
- Amacwecwe
- Iicarbonates
- AmaNitrate
- Isulfure
- Iililicates
- IBorates
- Iifosholo
Kwimbiwa, ukuqatshelwa kwezimbiwa kusetyenzwa ikakhulu. Oku kuqatshelwa kwezimbiwa kwenziwa kwi-visu. Imalunga nokwamkelwa kwezimbiwa kwisampulu yesandla. Sisisixhobo esiluncedo kakhulu emsebenzini wejoloji, kuba ivumela uqikelelo lokuqala kuhlobo lwezixhobo zejoloji eziqwalaselwayo. Masingakulibali ukuba ilitye lenziwe liqela lezimbiwa.
Isimbiwa esisebenzayo
Izinto eziyimfuneko ezisetyenziselwa i-visu mineralogy yokuchongwa kwezimbiwa liglasi yokuphakamisa, incakuba encinci yentsimbi okanye ifayile, umazibuthe, kunye nesikhokelo sezimbiwa. Iipropathi zezimbiwa zezi zinokuthi zibonwe ngokujonga ngokulula okanye ngovavanyo oluthile olulula.
Into yokuqala oyijongayo malunga nemaminerali yimilo yayo. Sinokubona ukukhula kobuso bembonakalo yekristale. Ukuba sijonga iminerali ecwecwe kakuhle sinokubona ukuba uhlobo lwayo lwangaphandle luphawulwa ngohlobo lobuso obenza ipolhedron ethile. Kuxhomekeka kolu hlobo lwepolyhedron kunye noseto lobuso, sinokukhetha iintlobo zezimbiwa esiza kuba nazo. Esi sisikhombisi esibalulekileyo ekuchongeni kwakho. Masenze umzekelo: xa sibona i-pyrite kunye galena Siyakwazi ukubona iiprism ngesiseko esine-hexagonal in aragonite, rhombohedra in calcite, njl. Nangona kunjalo, kuqhelekile ukuba izimbiwa azinakuphuhlisa ubuso obulungileyo ngenxa yeemeko zazo ezikhulayo. Kwezi meko iikristali kubhekiswa kuzo njengee-allotriomorphs.
Into yesibini ehlalutywe kwi-visu mineralogy ngumkhwa. Kukuphuculwa kwesihlobo sobuso bekristale. Oku kusebenza kuzo zombini iikristali, i-crystalline aggregates. Uncedo lomkhwa othile okanye olunye luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwimeko yokukhula kwezimbiwa. Ukuba sinesimbiwa esenziwe ngokukhawuleza okupholileyo, njengoko kunokwenzeka ngamatye e-volcanic, sinokubona iikristali zenziwe ngokupheleleyo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba sinamatye okupholisa kwawo kuqhubele phambili ngakumbi, sinokufumana amancinci amancinci eekristalline.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo kwimaminerali
umbala
Umbala wezimbiwa unokuhluka kakhulu. Unobangela wokuba nombala omnye okanye omnye unokuba ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo, nangona uqhele ukwenzeka ngenxa yobukho bezinye izinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-chromophores ezinje nge-iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, njl. Enye yezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu xa umisela uhlobo lwezimbiwa. Imibala eyahlukeneyo isetyenziswa kwi-mineralogy ukumisela ezi minerali.
Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kumaxesha amaninzi umphezulu wezimbiwa utshintshiwe bubukho bezinye izinto ezingcolileyo kwaye awubonakalisi umbala wokuqala.
Raya
Umtya ngumahluko ofundwayo ngokungathi ngumbala womvumbo. Ibhekisa kumbala othathwa yiminerali xa icocwa. Ukuzimisela kwe-streak kwenziwa ngokuhamba kunye ne-mineral kwi-plate ye-porcelain engafakwanga. Nje ukuba kwenziwe oku, umbala walowo mgca uyajongwa. Imivumbo enombala ochaziweyo kwaye inamandla iya kuba yinto eqhelekileyo yezimbiwa zesinyithi ezinje ngeesulfide.
Kwelinye icala, iiminerali ezingezizo ezesinyithi ezinje ngeesilicates okanye ii-carbonates ziya kuhlala zinomgca omhlophe okanye okhanyayo kakhulu.
Akhanye
Igloss kukubonakala komphezulu wembiwa xa ukukhanya kuwela kuwo. Oku kukhazimla kunokuba sisinyithi, isinyithi kunye nesinyithi. I-metallic luster ixhaphake kakhulu kwizimbiwa ezi-opaque kwaye zinesalathiso sokutsala esingaphantsi kwe-3. Umzekelo sine-pyrite, galena, igolide okanye isilivere. Kwelinye icala, sinobukhazikhazi obungesosinyithi obuqheleke ngakumbi kwizimbiwa ezibonakalayo zibe nesalathiso sokubonisa esingaphantsi kwe-2.6.
Apha sinokubona iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuqaqamba: I-diamond luster, vitreous, resinous luster, oyile luster, pearlescent luster, silky, njl njl.
Ubunzima obuthile
Umxhuzulane othile unokulinganiswa njengobuninzi beeminerali kwaye ubudlelwane obukhoyo phakathi kobunzima kunye nobunzima bomthamo olingana namanzi ama-4 degrees. Ukukuqonda oku siza kunika umzekelo. Ukuba isiselo ekutsaleni umxhuzulane othile olingana no-2 singatsho ukuba isampulu enikiweyo yale minerali ithi inobunzima obuphindwe kabini ubuninzi bamanzi obulinganayo.
Ubunzima obuthile bumiselwe ngokwenziwa kwaye buhlala buhleli. Ke ngoko, iba yinto eluncedo kakhulu ekuchongeni. Masingakulibali ukuba kwi-mineralogy ekubonweni kwe-visu ukumiselwa kobunzima bezimbiwa abwenziwanga, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba uqikelele ubungakanani bayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-mineralogy.