Yintoni imithombo

imithombo kunye nemigxobhozo

Abanye imithombo zazigqalwa zingcwele kwezinye iinkcubeko zamandulo. Enyanisweni, kukho imithombo ehlabathini lonke. Le mithombo ineempawu zayo, kodwa zonke zinento enye efanayo: amanzi omthombo anobunyulu obukhulu. Abantu abaninzi abaqondi kakuhle okanye abazi ukuba yintoni imithombo.

Ngoko ke, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni imithombo, ziphi iimpawu zabo ezizodwa, iintyatyambo, izilwanyana kunye nokubaluleka.

Yintoni imithombo

iyintoni na imithombo

I-70% yomhlaba ngamanzi. Le element, ibalulekile kubomi, ikhona kumazwe amaninzi nakwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zejografi. Amanzi anokufunyanwa elwandle, kumachibi, emilanjeni, okanye kumkhenkce kumkhenkce. Nangona kunjalo, amanzi akwafihlwa phantsi komhlaba, kwi-aquifers okanye kumadama angaphantsi komhlaba. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo zemithombo kuya kusinceda siqonde ukuba yintoni umthombo kunye nokuba aphuma phi amanzi aphuma kuwo.

Umthombo ngumlambo wamanzi aqukuqela ukusuka kwindawo engaphantsi komhlaba okanye ematyeni kunye nemithombo ukuya phezulu. Eminye imithombo iphuma kumanzi emvula, kumanzi ekhephu, okanye kumanzi amdaka avela kumatye ashushu ukwenza imithombo eshushu. Ngenxa yoko, ukuhamba kweminye imithombo kuya kuxhomekeka kwixesha lonyaka kunye nemvula, nto leyo ebangela ukuba imithombo emanzi itshise ngamaxesha emvula encinane. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abo banokuhamba okuphezulu bangasetyenziselwa ukubonelela abantu bendawo. Umthombo wamanzi entwasahlobo yinto evumela ukuba sakhe iintlobo ezahlukeneyo.

Iintlobo zemithombo

ukucoceka kwamanzi

Iintlobo ezintathu zemithombo ziyakwazi ukwahlula: ezingapheliyo, eziphazamisayo okanye ezinqabileyo. I-perennials ngumthombo apho amanzi avela kubunzulu obungaphantsi kwetafile yamanzi (indawo yokuhluza) apho umpompozo uqhubeka khona.

I-intermittent ngumthombo owenziwe xa amanzi evela kwinqanaba elikufutshane netafile yamanzi. Ngoko ke, amanzi ayo aphuma kuphela xa itafile yamanzi ifikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu, oko kukuthi, ngexesha lemvula. Ekugqibeleni, imithombo ye-artesian yimithombo eyenziwe ngumntu, umphumo wokwembiwa nzulu apho itafile yamanzi iphezulu kunomhlaba.

Iingcali zinokuchonga ezinye iintlobo zemithombo ngokusekelwe kubungakanani bamanzi abakhuphayo:

  • Ubukhulu bokuqala. Ubuncinci iilitha ezingama-2.800 ngesekhondi (l/s). Ngabona badala.
  • Ubukhulu besibini. Ukususela kwi-280 ukuya kwi-2.800 l / s.
  • Ubukhulu besithathu. Ukususela kwi-28 ukuya kwi-280 l / s.
  • ubukhulu besine. Ukususela kwi-6,3 ukuya kwi-28 l / s.
  • ubukhulu besihlanu. Ukususela kwi-0,63 ukuya kwi-6,3 l / s.
  • Ubukhulu besithandathu. Ukususela kwi-63 ukuya kwi-630 ml / s.
  • ubukhulu besixhenxe. Ukususela kwi-8 ukuya kwi-63 ml / s.
  • Ubukhulu besibhozo. Ngaphantsi kwe-8ml/s.
  • Ubukhulu be-zero. Azihambi, idla ngokuba yindawo yokuqukuqela yembali.

Kukwakho nemithombo, eyimithombo emincinane amanzi ayo ahluza kumhlaba ovuzayo; iintanda, ezihamba ngeentanda okanye iimpazamo emhlabeni; kunye nemibhobho, apho amanzi ahamba khona kwimingxuma engaphantsi komhlaba.

ukucoceka kwamanzi

iindawo ezicocekileyo zendalo

Imithombo iphawulwa ngokuba namanzi acwenge ngokwaneleyo ukuba agqalwe afanele ukuselwa ngabantu. Oku kungenxa yokuba amanzi athathwa ngokuthe ngqo kwidama elingaphantsi komhlaba. Izinto ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-aquifers zizalisekisa umsebenzi wokukhusela wendalo ngokuchasene nokungcoliswa kwamanzi avela kweminye imithombo, njengemilambo okanye iilwandle.

Nangona kunjalo, la manzi aphantsi kolawulo olungqongqo kakhulu lomgangatho phambi kokuba asetyenziswe. Ukuqhuba ukukhutshwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwamanzi entwasahlobo, iinkampani kufuneka zibhalise kwi-General Sanitary Food Registry elawulwa yi-AESAN (i-Arhente yaseSpain yoKhuseleko lokutya kunye neZondlo). Ngaphandle koku, kusekho iinkampani ezininzi ezisebenza kumanzi asebhotileni eSpain. Kuphela eCastilla y León Ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingama-600 zeelitha zamanzi emithombo zifakwa ebhotileni ngonyaka, nto leyo emele kancinci i-10,5% yemveliso yesizwe.

ikamva lemithombo

Okwangoku, ukuqokelelana kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye i-aquifers kuchaphazeleka kakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu. Ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba ngaphandle kokuwanika ixesha elifunekayo lokuvuselela, okuguqulela ukufumaneka okuncinci.

Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba kuchaphazela ngokwaneleyo umgangatho wamanzi. Kwakhona, umgangatho wamanzi wale mithombo yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba uya kuchaphazeleka. Ukuba oku kuyaqhubeka, sinokuyibona le mithombo ixabisekileyo iphelelwa. Iingcali kulo msebenzi ziye zalumkisa ngokunciphisa okuxhalabisayo kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba akhoyo, ukubeka izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele emngciphekweni.

Namhlanje phantse zonke iinxalenye zamanzi zisongelwa lungcoliso yaye nemithombo ngokubanzi ikwanjalo. Oku ayinayo kuba zingumthombo wamanzi obalulekileyo kubantu abambalwa kunye nezilwanyana. Kwakhona, ezininzi zifumaneka rhoqo ezivela emilanjeni nakwimigxobhozo.

Imisebenzi yolonwabo efana nokuloba, ukukhwela intaba, kunye nokukhempisha esele ichumile ngaphakathi nakufutshane nemithombo kwiminyaka yakutshanje ibe yingozi ngandlel’ ithile kuba inkunkuma inokungena emanzini kwaye ingachaphazeli kuphela umgangatho wemithombo, kodwa nobuhle bayo. Enye ingozi kukumpompa, okuchaphazela ubuninzi bolwelo entwasahlobo.

Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana

Imithombo ayingowona manzi aneentlobo ngeentlobo zezinto eziphilayo; ngokuqhelekileyo iintlobo zamanzi ezingapheliyo zibamba iintlanzi zamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, kuquka i-trout. Ezinye izilwanyana eziphila emhlabeni nasemanzini nezirhubuluzayo zichitha ixesha elininzi apho, yaye izilwanyana ezanyisayo neentaka ziya apho ukuze zisele, zifune umthunzi, okanye zifumane ukutya. Izinambuzane zixhaphake kakhulu kuzo, idragonfly, iSomatochlora hineana, luhlobo oluxhomekeke ekuhambeni kwamanzi entwasahlobo kwindawo encinci yase-United States.

Imithombo emikhulu inokuxhasa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Ngokomzekelo, imithombo yaseBennett Springs State Park eUnited States yaziwa ngokuba yi<em>rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) kunye ne<em>trout emdaka ( Salmo trutta ). Abanye, ngenxa yokuxinana kwekharbhon diokside okanye iiminerali emanzini abo, azikwazi ukuxhasa iintlanzi nezinye izilwanyana, kodwa ziyakwazi ukugcina iintsholongwane nezinye iintsholongwane.

Ngokuphathelele uhlaza, zinokurhangqwa phantse ngalo naluphi na uhlobo, kuquka amahlathi namadlelo engca, ekubeni aziphelelanga nje kwi-biomes okanye kwi-ecosystems.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni imithombo kunye neempawu zabo.


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