Ukususela kwixesha elidlulileyo, abantu bebesoloko befuna ukwenza izinto kwiintaba-mlilo. Omnye wemibuzo esoloko ibuzwa ngulo iphuma njani ivolcano. Umbuzo ngowokuba ingaba umntu unawo na amandla okuhlawula intaba-mlilo egqabhuke ngokupheleleyo.
Kweli nqaku siza kuchaza indlela intaba-mlilo ephuma ngayo, indlela enokwenziwa ngayo kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla.
Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo
NgokukaSmithsonian Institution's Global Volcanic Activity Database, ngoku kukho malunga ne-1396 yeentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwezi, ezinye iintaba-mlilo ezingama-70, kuquka iCumbre Vieja eLa Palma, ziye zaqhuma ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kulo nyaka.
Isazi ngezilwanyana uMaría José Huertas sithi: “Intaba-mlilo igqalwa njengenamandla ukuba iye yagqabhuka kwiminyaka eyi-10.000 XNUMX edluleyo. Iziqithi zaseCanary zisebenza kakhulu, nangona kunzima ukuqikelela ukuba intaba-mlilo iya kuqala nini ukuvuka. Phakathi kwexesha elide lokungasebenzi, ukusuka kwiminyaka ukuya kumashumi eminyaka, iimpawu zokuvuselela intaba-mlilo azisoloko zibonakala. Phakathi kwexesha elide lokungasebenzi, ukusuka kwiminyaka ukuya kumashumi eminyaka, iimpawu zokuvuselela intaba-mlilo azisoloko zibonakala.
Ngaphandle kwendawo yaseCumbre Vieja yaseLa Palma, iinyikima ezininzi ezivela Ngo-Oktobha i-2017 inokuba yaphawula ukuqala kokubuyiswa kwentaba-mlilo yaseCanarian emva kweminyaka eyi-46 yokuzola. Basenokuba bubungqina bokuqala bomsebenzi we-volcanic emva kokuqhuma kokugqibela (iVolcán Teneguía) kwi-1971.
Olu ngcelele lweenyikima ezirekhodiweyo lubonisa nje ubukho obunamandla bolwelo lwemagmatic kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezingama-25. Oku kutyhilwa liqela elikhokelwa yi-geologist uVicente Soler ovela kwiZiko leeMveliso zeNdalo kunye ne-Agrarian Biology (IPNA-CSIC) kwiJenali yeVolcanology kunye noPhando lweGeothermal.
Ngaphambi kochungechunge lokuqala lweenyikima, izazinzulu zirekhoda utshintsho kwi-gas emissions, kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu lwemichiza ye-radioactive efana ne-hydrogen kunye ne-radon kwindawo ekufutshane neenyikima, ebonisa "ukungena kwegesi enzulu."
Kwi-coloni yesibini, ukunyuka kwe-concentrations ye-radon kunye ne-thoron, i-isotope ye-radon, yayisabonwa, iveliswa ngokubola kumhlaba wesinye isici se-radioactive, i-thorium. Ngayo yonke le datha, iingcali ziye zafumanisa ukuba kukho ukungenelela kwe-magma emileyo kwiikhilomitha eziliqela ubunzulu.
Iinyikima, i-deformation kunye negesi
I-magma inyakaza phakathi kwamatye kumagumbi angekho nzulu (magma chambers) kuqweqwe olungaphantsi kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokungalingani okuqhubekayo, uxinzelelo luphezulu ngenxa yobukho begesi, okwenza oku ulwelo olwenziwe kwilitye elinyibilikisiweyo ngaphezulu kwe-1.200°C ukuya kwinto engazinzanga.
“Indalo yakhe kukuzama ukuya phezulu, kodwa ngenxa yoko kufuneka aqhekeze ezo zakhiwo ziqinileyo. Yiyo loo nto ijonga iindawo ezisesichengeni ngaphakathi koqweqwe apho inokufuduka khona ”, yacacisa inzululwazi.
Xa kuthelekiswa nokusingqongileyo Ijikeleze, i-magma iyancipha kwaye ilula, kwaye ithande ukubalekela kwiindawo zoxinzelelo oluphantsi kunye nobunzulu. (okt umphezulu). Ngenxa yeekhompawundi zayo kunye neegesi ezihamba nayo, ezithambisa kwaye ziguqule indawo engqonge amatye ziyenza ibe buthathaka kwaye ithambe, imathiriyeli yentaba-mlilo ifuna indawo yokuphumela ngaphandle. Ngenxa yobukho berhasi, uxinzelelo luphezulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba i-magma eyenziwe yilava ngaphezulu kwe-1.200 ºC ibe yinto engazinzanga.
Kungenxa yoko le nto iinyikima zisenzeka ngamanani amakhulu yaye zahlukile kwezo zibangelwa kukuhamba kwamacwecwe omhlaba. Zibubungqina bokuqala bokuba umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo unokwenzeka. “Ngaphandle kweenyikima, ugqabhuko-mlilo ngelungazange lubekho,” utshilo uHuertas.
“Ukuba kukho ukwanda ngesiquphe kokukhutshwa kwerhasi, sele uyayazi into ebonisayo. Mhlawumbi akukho nto: i-magma ithulisa ngokuzola njengoko ibakhulula. Okanye ii-pulses ezintsha ze-magma zinokufika negesi yazo kwaye ziyikhulule, ”uqhube watsho.
“Xa kukho iinyikima, irhasi engaqhelekanga, nokunyuswa okanye ukushukuma komphezulu weLa Palma, kubonakala ngathi kukho izinto ezandulela uqhushumbo,” wagxininisa. Ukwenza oku, kuyimfuneko ukwazi umgangatho wesiseko se-volcano, oko kukuthi, inani eliqhelekileyo leenyikima, inani legesi elikhutshwayo, njl. »
"Kufuneka ulinganise izinto ezininzi ezinokujongwa kangangoko. Xa umndilili orekhodiweyo usiba yinto engaqhelekanga, umzekelo, iinyikima ezininzi zirekhodwa, isixa segesi ekhutshwayo siyenyuka, kwaye ukuba ezo ngqwalasela zihleli zingatshintshwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, umntu unokuthetha isiNgesi esivuselelweyo okanye esinesiphithiphithi, utshilo uJanire Prudencio, uNjingalwazi weGeophysics. kwi-Andalusian Institute of Geophysics yeYunivesithi yaseGranada (UGR).
Ukushukuma kwenyikima, ukuguquka kunye nobungakanani begesi ekhutshwayo zezona zalathisi zemeko yangoku yentaba-mlilo. “Kufuneka kubekho imidibaniso emininzi yokuqikelela ugqabhuko-mlilo,” utshilo uHuertas.
Iphuma njani intaba-mlilo?
Ngaphezu kweeveki ezimbini emva kogqabhuko-dubulo lwe-Strombolia, ukuqukuqela kodaka olwenze iqela elifikelelayo Ulwandle lungaphezulu kwekhilomitha enesiqingatha ububanzi kwaye lunabela ngaphezulu kweehektare ezingama-500, ngokweKomiti yokuLawula iiProjekthi eziZodwa.
Kodwa izinto zitshintsha mihla le. “Nangeyure nganye, kuba ugqabhuko-dubulo luyatshintsha njengoko isixa segesi esisikhuphayo sitshintsha. Ngomzuzu xa i-magma iqala ukupholisa kwaye i-crystals ye-mineral yokuqala ifom, ukuqhuma kuyatshintsha. Ngokuhamba kwexesha, i-rash iyatshintsha. Yonke into ikhula ngokukhawuleza,” yatsho ingcali yokwakheka komhlaba.
Okwangoku, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, oluye lwafumana ukudilika komhlaba okuliqela kumntla wecone kwimpelaveki, kukukhawulezisile ukuhamba. Kodwa iimeko ezininzi zaqwalaselwa: emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, igumbi le-magma lachithwa kwaye ukuqhuma kwayeka; okanye igumbi le-magma elidityaniswe negumbi le-magma elinzulu kwi-mantle lalizaliswa ngokutsha, i-magma yakudala, kwaye ukuqhuma kwaqhubeka.
Akukho mntu waziyo ukuba iya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani kuba inokuphinda itshajwe ngezinto ezitsha ezivela kwingubo yokwaleka,” ulumkisa uHuertas, nangona ubude bexesha logqabhuko-dubulo lwaseLa Palma luphakathi kweentsuku ezingama-27 nezingama-84. Ikwachaphazela indlela ekhawuleza ngayo ukucima. “Ungayenza ngokukhawuleza okanye kancinci. Ezi zizinto ezingenakucingelwa ukuba akukho mntu unesibindi sokuzilinganisa ngeli xesha.
Okwangoku, izazinzulu ezivela kwi-UGR, kunye nabaphandi abavela kwi-INVOLCAN, iYunivesithi yaseLa Laguna kunye namanye amaziko angaphandle, bathathe iisampulu ze-lava kunye nothuthu (i-volcanic debris, amaqhekeza amancinci amatye) ukusuka kwi-volcano ukuqonda, kwelinye icala, iimeko kunye nokuba kwenzeka ntoni. ngaphakathi kwayo Inkqubo, kwelinye icala, yindlela inkqubo ye-magmatic eguquka ngayo.
Ngaphakathi kwengubo Ingagcinwa iinyanga kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwama-200ºC kunye nama-400ºC. Xa oku kusenzeka, yonke inkqubo iyayeka: i-cast iphola kwaye inkontileka kancinane. Baya kulahlekelwa umthamo kwaye siya kungena kwisigaba esahlukileyo kunokuqhuma. UHuertas uthi: “Iqondo lobushushu ngaphakathi kwigumbi lokuhlambela impahla linokuba phakathi kwe-200 ºC ne-400 ºC kangangeenyanga. Emva koko, iba lilitye eliqinileyo elivuthayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela eyenzeke ngayo intaba-mlilo.