Eyona tsunami inkulu ehlabathini

lituja tsunami

Ngobusuku be-9 kaJulayi, i-1958, i-Alaska's Lituya Bay yehlelwa sesona siganeko simangalisayo kwimemori ephilayo. Inyikima enomlinganiselo we-7,9 kwisikali sikaRichter yalishukumisa lonke elo chweba. Ingxaki yayingeyiyo inyikima ngokwayo kuphela, kodwa amaza awavelisayo, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sekhilomitha ukuphakama. Elona langa likhulu kwimbali erekhodiweyo. Ndabunjwa ngu itsunami inkulu ehlabathini eyaziwa kude kube namhlanje.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga netsunami enkulu emhlabeni, iimpawu zayo kunye nomonakalo owenziweyo.

Eyona tsunami inkulu ehlabathini

itsunami enkulu emhlabeni

IFairweather Fault ibekwe kufutshane neLituya Bay eAlaska. Ke ngoko, yindawo yentshukumo yenyikima, apho enye okanye enye inyikima enkulu yenzeke rhoqo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka. Nangona kunjalo, enye ye-1958 iphezulu kakhulu. Ukongeza koko, enye into ebalulekileyo yongezwa: i-rockfall eyaphela emanzini kwaye yadala amaza angazange abonwe ngaphambili.

Kuqikelelwa ukuba i-30 million cubic metres yamatye yawa ukusuka kumphakamo omalunga neemitha ezingama-900. Eli liwa liphambeneyo alenzi nto kodwa libangela amaza amakhulu. Nangona kungekho zifayile zegraphic zalo mzuzu okanye izixhobo ezinokurekhoda, kukho ubungqina kamva. Kumashumi eminyaka kamva, xa iintsalela zomonakalo wamaza zisabonakala, sifumana ubungqina. Uhlalutyo lwango-2010 lwenduli ekufutshane lubonise utshintsho kwizityalo ebizifumene. Malunga neemitha ezingama-500 ukuphakama, kukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo lwezityalo eziselula kunaphezulu. Izazi ngokuma komhlaba kunye nabaphandi baqikelela ukuba amaza anokufikelela kwiimitha ezingama-524 ukuphakama.

Ukuzama ukunciphisa ingozi

iliza elikhulu

Ukuvalwa okunxulumene neLituya Bay akuzange kuncede ukunciphisa iintlekele. Njengesithuba samanzi esirhangqwe ngumhlaba, iliza likhukulisa yonke into ekufuphi yaye, ngendlela efanayo, liyenza ibe nde ngokucutha isithuba esisemacaleni. Yayinkulu kangangokuba yatshayela umhlaba oyingqongileyo yaza ekugqibeleni yaphumela kwiNyoba yaseAlaska.

Esona sixeko sikhulu ngelo xesha yayiyiYakutat, eyafumana umonakalo ongephi xa ucinga ngobungakanani benyikima nobukhulu bamaza. Kuyaziwa ukuba abantu abathathu bafa kwisiqithi saseYakutat, iikhilomitha ezingama-200 ukusuka echwebeni, kuba abanye babo bangcwatywa elwandle. Emva kwelo chweba, abantu ababini ababekwiphenyane lokuloba bakhukuliswa.

Lo mmandla uyinxalenye yeGlacier Bay National Park and Preserve, ngoko ke indawo ejikelezileyo ayihlali bantu, kodwa izikhephe ezintathu zokuloba zazingaphakathi echwebeni xa kwaqhambuka inyikima. Inqanawa kaVivian kunye noBill Swanson iBadger yathwalelwa kumlomo wechweba ngamaza "etyibilika emazantsi eAlaska" kwaye ekugqibeleni yazika. Ngethamsanqa, umtshato wahlangulwa lelinye iphenyane. UHoward Uhlrich kunye nonyana wakhe oneminyaka esi-7 ubudala bakwazile ukunqanda amaza ngephenyane labo i-Edrie, besiya ngakubo. Kodwa uOrville Wagner nomfazi wakhe batyunyuzwa bafa ludonga lwamanzi awayekhwele iSomermore.

E-Yakutat, indawo yokuhlala esisigxina kuphela kufuphi ne-epicenter ngelo xesha, iziseko ezinjengamabhuloho, ii-docks kunye nemibhobho zonakaliswe. Inqaba yadilika yaza nendlwana yonakala kangangokuba yayingenakulungiseka. Amathumba entlabathi kunye nokuqhekeka kwavela kunxweme olusemzantsi-mpuma, kwaye iintambo zangaphantsi kolwandle ezixhasa inkqubo yonxibelelwano yaseAlaska zaqhawulwa.

Amaza etsunami enkulu emhlabeni abangela umonakalo kwizityalo zepromontory ezijikeleze indawo apho ilitye lawela khona, ukuya kwi-520 yeemitha ukuphakama, kunye nakunxweme lwe-bay.

ijoloji yenyikima

Eyona tsunami inkulu ehlabathini kwirekhodi

Okwenzekileyo eLituya yinto engaqhelekanga ebizwa ngokuba ziitsunami ezinkulu. Kuphela ngamaza angaphezu kweemitha ezili-100 awela kolu didi. Ummandla we-Alaska apho inyikima yenzeke khona ibekwe kumgca wempazamo ogama lakhe libangele inyikima enkulu. Indawo yaseLituya Bay inembali yeziganeko zetsunami, kodwa i-eIsiganeko sika-1958 saba sesokuqala ukurekhodwa ngedatha eyaneleyo.

Ngelixa kusaxoxwa ukuba yeyiphi indibaniselwano yezinto evelise inqanaba elinjalo, kucacile ukuba yaba yinyikima eyabangela ukuba izinto eziziikyubhik mitha ezizizigidi ezingama-30 ziqhawuke umkhenkce. Kwakhona, ukungena kwi-bay kuncinci kakhulu, oku kuthetha ukuba amanzi amaninzi avalelwe phakathi kweentaba. Lo mhlaba unomkhwa wendalo wokubangela amaza amakhulu, nokuba kukudilika komhlaba okanye iinyikima.

Uphononongo luka-2010 lwagqiba kwelokuba isiganeko "sesilayidi esiphindwe kabini" sasinokwenzeka ngakumbi: i-rockslide yabetha kufuphi kakhulu nentloko yeLituya Glacier, yabangela ukuba malunga ne-400 cubic metres yomkhenkce ukuba yaphule umnwe wangaphambili womkhenkce, kwaye mhlawumbi isitofu esikhulu. yamanzi phantsi komkhenkce. Umkhenkce okhanyisiweyo uphakama ngaphambi kokuba uzike, kwaye inani elikhulu lokuzaliswa (i-subglacial and preglacial sediments) elibanjwe phantsi komkhenkce kwaye lakhululwa yinyikima liphantse likhululwe ngokukhawuleza njengesibini, inguqu enkulu.

Eyona tsunami inkulu ehlabathini kunye nomkhenkce onyibilikayo

Iingcali zenzululwazi zichaza imiphumo yokunyibilika. IAlaska inomkhenkce omkhulu ehlabathini, onokuba ngaphezu kwekhilomitha ubukhulu kwaye ugqume amakhulu eekhilomitha. Ubunzima bomkhenkce bubangela ukuba umhlaba uzike, yaye xa imikhenkce yomkhenkce inyibilika, umhlaba uyaphakama kwakhona, njengesipontshi esingenakucutheka. Kwenzeka njalo ukuba ukufudumala kwehlabathi kubangela ilahleko yomkhenkce, ngoko ukunyuka komhlaba kuyinto eqhelekileyo ngakumbi kuneenkulungwane zangaphambi kweNguquko yezoShishino.

Umphakamo womhlaba unamacandelo amabini. Kwelinye icala, kukho oko iingcali zibiza ngokuba yi "elastic effect", eyenzeka xa umhlaba uvuka kwakhona ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ibhloko yomkhenkce ecinezela ubunzima bayo inyamalala. Kwelinye icala, kukho into ebizwa ngokuba yi-terrestrial "mantle effect", ethi ke iqukuqelele ibuyele kummandla ukuze ivule indawo.

Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ikhonkco phakathi kwengubo yokusasaza intshukumo kunye nenyikima enkulu kumazantsi-mpuma eAlaska, apho Umkhenkce sele unyibilika ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-200. I-Alaska yaseMazantsi ikwindawo ekudibanela kuyo ipleyiti yelizwekazi laseMntla Merika kunye nepleyiti yePasifiki. La macwecwe ashukuma ngomlinganiselo omalunga neesentimitha ezintlanu ngonyaka, nto leyo ebangela iinyikima zomhlaba rhoqo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-tsunami enkulu yehlabathi kunye neempawu zayo.


Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula

Shiya uluvo lwakho

Idilesi yakho ye email aziyi kupapashwa. ezidingekayo ziphawulwe *

*

*

  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
  4. Unxibelelwano lwedatha: Idatha ayizukuhanjiswa kubantu besithathu ngaphandle koxanduva lomthetho.
  5. Ukugcinwa kweenkcukacha
  6. Amalungelo: Ngalo naliphi na ixesha unganciphisa, uphinde uphinde ucime ulwazi lwakho.