La Ithafa elikuMbindi Yeyona yunithi yoncedo indala kwi-Peninsula yase-Iberia, ehlala uninzi lomphezulu wayo, malunga ne-400.000 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha. Liapile elikhulu elinobude obuyi-600 m. Inemozulu yelizwekazi leMeditera. Inkqubo esembindini iyahlula-hlula kwiThafa laseMntla Asia kunye neThafa laseMzantsi Asia. Ithambeka lithambeka kancinci ukuya kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, kunye nethambeka le-0,5%, kwaye lincanyathiselwe kwibhanti leentaba elavela ngexesha le-alpine orogeny phakathi kweCenozoic Oligocene kunye neMiocene, igxininisa ubuzwekazi bayo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga nazo zonke iimpawu, i-geology, imozulu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-plateau ephakathi.
Umvelaphi
Ngexesha le-Precambrian, yayiyinxalenye ye-Amorica Craton, yohlulwe kwi-Gondwana kunye nezibanzi ezisemazantsi kakhulu. Yavela kwibhloko ye-Hesperia eyavela kwi-Paleozoic Hercynian orogeny. I-massif yonakaliswe kukukhukuliseka kwe-Mesozoic kwaye kamva yatshintshwa kwi-Cenozoic yi-Alpine orogeny kunye nemiphumo ye-Quaternary erosion, i-sedimentation kunye ne-ice.
Ngexesha le-Tertiary, i-Alpine orogeny yachaphazela i-Hesperian massif endala, iguqula imida yayo, ibangele ukubonakala kwe-Galician-Leonese massif, i-Leonese kunye neentaba ze-Basque, kunye nokusongwa kwemida yayo, njengeeNtaba zaseCantabrian, eMntla, Iberia, Northeast , Sierra Morena Bend Fault, South. Le orogeny yabangela ukuba i-plate yaseAfrika idibane ne-European plate, icinezele i-Hesperian Massif kwaye itshabalalise iziseko zeSierra de Toledo kunye neNkqubo yeCentral.
Ukongeza, iintsalela ze-massif zayame ngasentshona kwaye emva koko zenziwa iinkqubo zokubekwa kwezinto ezazininzi kakhulu kwi-sub-plateau esemantla nakwindawo esempuma yeplateau emazantsi, kunye nemilambo evela kwinkqubo yase-Iberia. Inkqubo yokubekwa kwezinto inkulu kwicala layo elingasempuma, ngelixa izinto ezilukhuni, ezikristale zabazali be-Hesperia Massif zibonakala ngakumbi kwicala elingasentshona.
Iquka iSpain enodongwe, isiqingatha esisempuma seThafa laseMntla Asia, kunye nenxalenye esempuma kwesithathu yeThafa laseMazantsi eAsia, eli thafa lingqamana nokufikelela okuphezulu kwemilambo iTagus neGuadiana. Kwelinye icala, yinxalenye yeSilicous yaseSpain, iSistim esembindini kwaye uninzi lwenxalenye esentshona yePlateau yaseAsia.
Iimpawu zoMbindi Plateau
I-Central Plateau yindawo ebanzi ngaphakathi kwe-Peninsula yase-Iberia, ejikelezwe ziintaba ezicwangcisa ngokucacileyo le yunithi yejografi kwaye iyahlula kuwo wonke ummandla. Iintaba ezijikeleze i-Plateau kwicala lasekunene zezi: Galicia-León, Cantabrian, Basque, Iberian System, Betic System kunye neSierra Morena. Kukho ezinye iintaba ngaphakathi kwePlateau ngokwayo: eyona nto ibalulekileyo yinkqubo esembindini, eyahlula i-Plateau ibe ngamacandelo amabini: i-South Asia Plateau kunye ne-North Asian Plateau. IMontes de Toledo ikwahlulahlula iMeseta Sur ibe ngamacandelo amabini: iValle del Tajo kunye neValle del Guadiana. Ngaphandle kwezi ntaba zimbini, kukho kuphela iindawo eziphakamileyo ezincinci okanye iinduli ngaphakathi kweMeseta, nangona ubukhulu becala iyithafa elikhulu.
Ithafa lithambeka kancinane ukuya ngasentshona, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iindlela zamanzi ezihamba kulo ubukhulu becala azinamanzi kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki. Imilambo ephambili ewela i-Plateau yile: iDuero, iTajo kunye neGuadiana, kunye nemimandla yazo emininzi. Kwicala leMeditera, kufuneka kukhankanywe iJúcar kunye neSegura kwi-plateau yaseMzantsi Asia.
Imozulu yoMbindi Plateau
Ukuphakama okungaqhelekanga kweMeseta sisizathu sobukho bemozulu yelizwekazi lonke leMeditera. Eyona miba ibalulekileyo kulo mba zezi: ubusika obunzima, ihlobo elishushu, imbalela yasehlotyeni, iimvula eziguquguqukayo, ukuguquguquka okukhulu kwamaqondo obushushu, nembalela ephawulekayo. Ezi mpawu zisisiphumo sonxulumano phakathi kwenani leemeko zejografi kunye nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo, ezifana nobubanzi, indawo yommandla ngaphakathi kwe-Iberian Peninsula, uyilo lomhlaba, kunye nokuphakama.
Ngenxa yeempembelelo zelizwekazi, amaqondo obushushu agqithise ngokugqithisileyo, kwaye i-thermal amplitude yonyaka (umahluko phakathi kweqondo lobushushu eliphakathi kweyona nyanga ibandayo neyona shushu) iphezulu kakhulu, idla ngokuba phakathi kwe-18 kunye ne-20 °C. NgoJulayi, iqondo lobushushu lenyanga kuninzi lommandla lidlula i-24°C.
Nangona kunjalo, ubusika bubanda, ubushushu obuqhelekileyo ngoJanuwari kwezinye iindawo bungaphantsi kwe-2 ℃, kwaye kukho iqabaka rhoqo ebusika, nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nasekwindla. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, ithafa elingasentla kunye nephondo laseGuadalajara zezona ndawo zibandayo eSpain. Ubuncinci bobushushu basebusika budla ngokufikelela kumaxabiso angalunganga, afikelele kwi -21 °C. 7
Nangona imvula ishiyana ngokwemimandla, Uluhlu oluphakathi kwama-300 kunye nama-600 mm ngexesha elininzi lonyaka, ngokuphindaphindiweyo entwasahlobo nasekwindla, kwaye inqabile kakhulu ehlobo (phantse isoloko ikwimo yezaqhwithi). Kuzo zonke ezi zizathu, uninzi lweMeseta lunokufakwa kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yi-Dry Spain.
Khu luleka
Imilambo iye yaba yimilo ephambili kuba inqumle nzulu le miphezulu, isuka kwiintlambo. Iinduli zengqina (ezikwabizwa ngokuba ngamaqhina, i-motes okanye i-alcores) kunye neeprofayili ze-conical okanye i-frustoconical zivela ngenxa yeenkqubo zokhukuliseko olusebenza kolu luhlu lwezinto ezithe tye kwaye, ekugqibeleni, ngenxa yokungalingani kwe-anatomical, ngenxa yokuthotywa. of sayeka.
Nangona ezi nduli zingqukuva ngokuqhelekileyo zigqunywe ngamatye ekalika eparamo akhusela iimarl ezisezantsi, maxa wambi ii<em>calcareous formations ziye zasuswa ukuze kushiyeke amatye ekalika namatye ambalwa kuphela kumaleko azo aphezulu. Inkqubo yokuchithwa kwe-limestone ivelisa iintsalela ezinganyibilikiyo. Ngenxa yoko, iidiphozithi zodongwe ezihlanjululweyo zenziwe (kubandakanywa iibhloko ze-limestone kunye namatye e-angular), i-terra rossa, eyenza i-lining general of formations calcareous formations.
Empuma, ukubunjwa kwenziwa ngodongwe olurhabaxa, kwaye i-conglomerate kunye ne-limestone deposits ayinzima kakhulu. Ukhukuliseko lungene nzulu kwesi sakhiwo, lwenza amaqonga e-calcareous okanye e-conglomerate aphuma kwiindawo eziphakamileyo ezahlukeneyo. kukukhululeka kweenduli ezikwanti, amaqonga ezakhiwo, amavili kwiindawo ezithe tyaba, ngokufutshane, luhlobo olungaphezulu kolwasendle lwesiqabu. Ukudityaniswa kokukhululeka komphetho wesitya kunye nentlango kukuxinzezeleka kwamathafa akhukulisiweyo athambileyo, abunjwe ngodongwe olulula ukulichitha.
Emantla, udongwe lweMiocene lugqunywe ngoomaleko beClastic ukusuka kwiCordillera Cantábrica. Ingubo yeengqalutye, igrabile kunye nesanti emalunga neemitha ezine ubungqingqwa ikwakhusela izinto ezibuthathaka ezingezantsi. Imilambo yeeNtaba zeCantabrian kunye nenkqubo ephakathi ifakwe ngokunzulu kwi-sediments, yenza iintlambo ezibanzi, apho i-junction kunye neRanaguet ivelele. Ezi zihlangu zisicaba neziphakamileyo (i-900-1000 m) zibizwa ngokuba zii-rañas moors kwaye ziqhelekile eSierra de Toledo.. Apho i-paramo de rañas yanyamalala khona, i-reliefs yeenduli, iinduli kunye neenduli zenziwa, imida yeentlambo yayiphezulu, kunye neendawo zokuhlala, iintlambo kunye neenduli.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neCentral Plateau kunye neempawu zayo