Yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nokukhululeka kwekarst

Ulwakhiwo lwelitye lekalika

Kwijiology kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoncedo. Uncedo olunento yokwenza nokwakheka kwalo, ubume bayo okanye inqanaba lokuthambekela. Kule meko, siza kuthetha isiqabu se karst. Luhlobo lobume bomhlaba obenziwe ngelitye lekalika. I-limestone luhlobo oluthile lwerwala kuba ngaphandle kokuba lilitye eline-sedimentary kwimvelaphi yalo, amanzi kunye nezinto eziphilayo ziyinika ukuhambelana okwenza ukuba ikwazi ukumelana neearhente ezahlukileyo ezihlasela amatye.

Kweli nqaku siza kuchaza zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka koncedo lwekarst.

Iimpawu eziphambili

UKarst umzekelo

Iliwa lekalika aliqhekeki kodwa liyanyibilika emanzini. Ke ngoko, iyanyangeka kwizinto ezininzi zomhlaba ngaphandle kwamanzi emvula. Ixesha elingaphezulu liyaphela kwaye isisombululo siyenziwa, yiyo loo nto yenza isiqabu sekarst. Olu hlobo lokukhululeka aluphumi nje kumatye ekalika kuphela kodwa IiUvls

Ukuze ufunde okungakumbi ngoncedo lwekarst, siza kujongana neliwa. Ilitye lekalika lenziwe ikakhulu ngecalcium carbonate. Yiyo le nto eyenza ukuba iinwele zinyibilike emanzini, kuphela kwento eli litye elenziwe ngayo. Inobunyulu kwaye ingqokelela yabo ibizwa ngokuba yi-terra rossa. Ngenxa yokuchithwa kwamatye e-limestone sinokufumana iintlobo ezimbini zoncedo lwekarst: ngaphakathi nangaphandle.

Iindidi zoncedo lwekarst

Uncedo lwangaphandle lwekarst

Isiqabu seKarst

Eyona ndlela ilula yokuphelisa ilitye lekalika yi-lapiaz. Le yimingxunya engenanto enokuthi iqale ukusuka kwimingxunya emincinci enobungakanani ukuya kwiimitha ezimbalwa ububanzi. Le mingxunya ingekho nzulu inezantsi ejikelezwe yimiphetho, nangona xa ibonakala ithambeka kakhulu ithatha imbonakalo yomgama ngakumbi, ngokungathi yimibhobho yelungu. Ukuba i-lapiaz ikhula kakuhle igqibela ngokwenza uxinzelelo emhlabeni. Olu xinzelelo ludala iintlobo ezininzi zoncedo lwekarst:

  1. IDolomite. Uxinzelelo oluvaliweyo kunye nesetyhula okanye i-elliptical bottom. Inokulinganisa ukusuka kumashumi ambalwa eeemitha ukuya kumakhulu. Emazantsi esi siqabu sigutyungelwe okanye bubumdaka obufumaneka kwilitye lekalika. Njengokuba amanzi eqokelelana emazantsi, ukunyibilika kwelitye kuphezulu kwaye, ke ngoko, kubonakala isinki ekhokelela emqolombeni. Lo emazantsi ahlala emile okwefaneli ngenxa yendlela ilitye lekalika elinyibilika kancinci kancinci ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukuba olu lwakhiwo luya kuba kufutshane nonxweme, kunokwenzeka ukuba lo emazantsi ayilwe ahlaselwe lulwandle. Ngendlela yokungena kwe-saline, inokuwohloka ngakumbi ematyeni.
  2. uvala. Olu hlobo lokwakheka lwenzeka xa i-sinkholes ezininzi zikhula kunye de zijoyine kuxinzelelo olunye. Ibizwa njalo kuba le coalescence ine-alveolar shape.
  3. Polje. Olunye uhlobo lolwakhiwo olunento yokwenza noncedo lwekarst. Kwenzeka xa uxinzelelo lwangaphandle olunendawo ethe tyaba esezantsi kunye neekhilomitha luvaliwe ngamathambeka. Unokuthi ngumdiliya omkhulu kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwepoljé kukho iifom ezincinci zekarst ezinje ngeevalas, iilali kunye neesinkho. Kuba ezi depress zikhulu, inethiwekhi ye-hydrographic ihlala ikhula kuzo. Njengokudakumba okuvaliweyo, amanzi akanakukwazi ukuhamba kakuhle kodwa kunokuba nesinki esinika ukufikelela kumlambo ongaphantsi komhlaba. Indawo ekufutshane nesinki ihlala iyindawo enemigxobhozo kuba ihlala ivela xa kukho iimvula ezinkulu. Yonke into iya kuxhomekeka kubungakanani besinki kunye nobungakanani bemvula.

Uncedo lwangaphakathi lwekarst

Olunye uhlobo loncedo lwekarst olwenza imiqolomba. Imvelaphi yolu hlobo lokukhululeka lwenzeka kwimilambo engaphantsi komhlaba ejikeleza ngaphakathi kwilitye lekalika. La manzi eza ngeesinki esele sizikhankanyile ngasentla. Imilambo isebenzisa ithuba lokuba buthathaka kweliwa ukuze idlule ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kuyo. Ukuba iliwa liyaphela kukuhamba kwamanzi, lalisenza ubume kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zangaphantsi komhlaba, sinokubona imilambo yenene yangaphantsi komhlaba.

Njengoko amanzi omlambo enyibilikisa ilitye lekalika ngaphakathi, ishiya ikhosi yakudala iqhubeke ikhosi yangaphakathi. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba sibone imiqolomba eyomileyo eshiywe yimilambo. Eyona fomu isisiseko esiyifumanayo yomjelo wamanzi ngaphakathi emqolombeni yileyo ibizwa ngokuba yigalari. Iigalari ezifanelekileyo zokuhlala zinokuqhuba kwaye ziqhubeke nezinye iindlela. Iigalari zinokuba nzima kwaye zincinci okanye zibanzi kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lamanzi. Kukho iindawo apho amanzi anyanzelwa ukuba anyuke kwakhona kwaye amasebe aphumele kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo. Indawo apho amanzi athanda ukunyuka kwakhona yaziwa ngokuba ziiphon.

Iigalari ezishiyiweyo ziindlela zamanzi eziqala enye indlela zihlala zigcina amanqanaba aphezulu okufuma kwiindonga ezijikeleza amanzi alayishwe ngecalcium carbonate. La mathontsi amanzi aya kuthi, ekuhambeni kweminyaka, enze i stalactites kunye neestalagmites. Ukuba i-stalactite ijoyina i-stalagmite ngoku iyakwenza ikholamu epheleleyo. Ukuze le nto yenze, amawakawaka eminyaka kufuneka agqithe. Yiyo loo nto imiqolomba enale ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu.

Kwizinto eziguqukayo zale galari kunokwenzeka ukuba yonke into iphele ngokuwa kwaye inyamalale. Yile ndlela kwenziwa ngayo iirhengqa kunye neenkanunu. Le yimingxunya enzulu ejikelezwe ziindonga ezithe nkqo kufutshane nomlambo ngasemva. Indawo apho umlambo ushiya ngaphakathi ingaphandle ibizwa ngokuba kukukhukula.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokukhululeka kwekarst.


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  1. Uxanduva lwedatha: UMiguel Ángel Gatón
  2. Injongo yedatha: Ulawulo lwe-SPAM, ulawulo lwezimvo.
  3. Umthetho: Imvume yakho
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