Iteleskopu yayiyimveliso eyaguqula ulwazi lwenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi ukutyhubela imbali. Ukusebenzisa iipropathi zeelensi kunye nezibuko, kuxanduva lokucubungula ukukhanya okukhutshwa zizinto ukwenzela ukuba iliso lomntu linokwandisa kwaye libambe imifanekiso. Okwangoku kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zoyilo onokukhetha kuzo kunye nezixhobo ezithengiswayo. Ke, ngaphambi kokuba bangxamele ukuya kuthenga iteleskopu yabo yokuqala, umntu othanda izinto zokuzonwabisa uya kwenza kakuhle ukuqhelana nendlela iteleskopu esebenza ngayo, amacandelo ayo, kunye nemida yayo. Ngale ndlela, unokuphepha ukuphoxeka ngokuthenga kakubi. Abantu abaninzi abazi isebenza njani iteleskopu.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kucacisa inyathelo ngenyathelo ukuba iteleskopu isebenza njani kwaye yintoni ekufuneka uyithathele ingqalelo ukuze ufunde ukuyisebenzisa.
yintoni iteleskopu
Ngamanye amaxesha abantu banombono oqikelelweyo wento enokubabonisa iteleskopu. Ngokuqhelekileyo balindele ukubona iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu kunokuba iteleskopu inokutyhila nge-optics yayo. Kule meko, iteleskopu elungileyo inokuchazwa ngempazamo njengeteleskopu embi. Umzekelo, iiplanethi azibukeki zinkulu kwaye zintle. Imifanekiso ethathwe ngamajukujuku xa betyelela izijikelezi-langa ezahlukeneyo maxa wambi iyasimangalisa.
Igama elithi telescope livela kwingcambu yesiGrike: lithetha "kude" kunye "nokubona". Sisixhobo sokubona esiye saba sisixhobo esisisiseko kwinzululwazi yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, esivumela ukuqhubela phambili okuninzi nokuqonda ngcono indalo iphela.
Isixhobo sinceda ukubona izinto ezikude kakhulu ngokweenkcukacha. Iiteleskopu zibamba imitha yokukhanya, zisondeza imifanekiso yezinto ezikude. Iinkonzo ze:
- I-Astronomy ibamba imifanekiso yezinto zeenkwenkwezi.
- Isetyenziselwa ukujonga izinto ezikude kule mimandla ilandelayo: ukuhamba, ukuhlola, uphando lwezilwanyana (iintaka), kunye nemikhosi exhobileyo.
- Njengesixhobo sokufundisa abantwana ukuba baqale kwisayensi.
isebenza njani iteleskopu
Ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo indlela iteleskopu esebenza ngayo, kukho izinto ezi-2 ekufuneka uzigcine engqondweni:
- Ukuziphatha kweliso lomntu: kufuneka siyiqonde ukuphucula izakhono zabo.
- iintlobo zeeteleskopu -ukwazi ukuba basebenza njani. Siza kujonga ezona zixhaphakileyo, ezizezi, ukubonisa iiteleskopu kunye neeteleskopu eziphinda-phindayo.
- ukuziphatha kweliso lomntu – Iliso lenziwe ngumfundi (osebenza njenge-lens) kunye ne-retina (ebonisa ukukhanya). Xa ujonga izinto ezikude, ukukhanya okukhuphayo kunqabile. Ilensi yendalo yeliso lethu (umfundi) ibonisa umfanekiso omncinane kakhulu kwiretina. Ukuba into isondele, ikhupha ukukhanya okungakumbi kwaye inyuke ngobukhulu.
Kwimeko yeteleskopu, isebenzisa iilensi kunye nezibuko ukuqokelela ukukhanya okuninzi kangangoko ukusuka kwinto, gxininisa le mitha, kwaye iqondise kwiso. Oku kwenza ukuba izinto ezikude zibukeke ngcono kwaye zikhulu.
iintlobo zeeteleskopu
Ngelixa kukho iindidi ezininzi (kukho neendidi zamanani), ezona zixhaphakileyo nezisebenzayo ngoku kude zezi:
- Ibonisa iteleskopu: Ayiyo telescope enkulu, ungasebenzisa kungekuphela iilensi kodwa nezipili. Kwesinye isiphelo, siya kuba nendawo ekugxilwe kuyo (i-lens yokufaka isibane senkwenkwezi), kwaye ke siya kuba nesipili esikhazimliswe kakhulu ezantsi (ipali echaseneyo) esiya kubonisa umfanekiso. Ngokungathi oko akwanelanga, kwisiqingatha apho siya kuba nesinye isipili esincinci "ukugoba" umfanekiso, oya kuba linyathelo lokugqibela ngaphambi kokuhambisa i-eyepiece, esiya kuyisebenzisa ukujonga kwicala leteleskopu.
- Iteleskopu yesiRefractor: Ezo ziiteleskopu ezinde kakhulu. Kwesinye isiphelo siya kuba nendawo ekugxilwe kuyo (i-lens enkulu enokuthi igxininise ukukhanya okukhulu kangangoko; inobude obude bokugxila), kwaye kwelinye icala kukho i-eyepiece (i-lens encinci esiza kujonga ngayo; ubude bokujongwa okude).ingqwalasela emfutshane). Ukukhanya okuvela kwenkwenkwezi (into eza kujongwa) ingena kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo, ihamba kubude obude bokujongwa bubunjwe bubukhulu bayo obukhulu, ize iqalise ngokukhawuleza indlela emfutshane ngobude bendawo egxile kuyo, ikhulisa kakhulu umfanekiso. Okukhona iteleskopu irefracting, kokukhona umfanekiso usanda.
iindawo zeteleskopu
Ukuze siyazi ngokwenene indlela iteleskopu esebenza ngayo, kufuneka sazi iindawo zayo. Ayizizo zonke iiteleskopu ezisebenzisa iilensi kuphela. Kukho ezinye iindidi zeeteleskopu ezinokusebenzisa izipili. Nokuba yeyiphi iteleskopu esetyenziswayo, umsebenzi wayo oyintloko kukugxininisa ukukhanya kangangoko kunokwenzeka kwaye unikeze umfanekiso obukhali wezinto ezikude.
Injongo ingaba yi-lens (okanye isibuko) kunye ne-aperture ethile okanye ububanzi, xa ukukhanya kufunyenwe, kugxininise kwelinye icala le-tube optical. Iityhubhu zamehlo zinokwenziwa ngefiberglass, ikhadibhodi, intsimbi, okanye ezinye izinto.
Indawo apho ukukhanya kugxininiswe khona kubizwa ngokuba yindawo ekugxilwe kuyo, kwaye umgama osuka kwilensi ukuya kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo ubizwa ngokuba yifocal length. Umlinganiselo wojoliso okanye iradiyasi ngumlinganiselo phakathi kwendawo yokuvula kunye nobude bojoliso, imele ukuqaqamba kwenkqubo kwaye ilingana nenani leendawo zokumisa ezibekwe ecaleni kobude bojoliso (focal ratio = focal length / aperture).
Umlinganiselo omncinci wefocal (f/4) ubonelela ngomfanekiso oqaqambileyo kunomlinganiselo omkhulu wefocal (f/10). Ukuba ifoto iyafuneka, inkqubo ene-focal ratio encinci inqweneleka ngakumbi kuba ixesha lokuvezwa liya kuba lifutshane.
I-aperture enkulu (i-diameter) yeteleskopu, ukukhanya kuya kuqokelelwa kwaye umfanekiso obangelwayo uya kuqaqamba. Oku kubalulekile kuba phantse zonke izinto ezisesibhakabhakeni zimfiliba kakhulu kwaye nokukhanya kwazo kumfiliba kakhulu. Ukuphinda kabini ububanzi beteleskopu kuphinda-phindwe kane indawo efumana ukukhanya, into ethetha ukuba iteleskopu ye-intshi ezili-12 ifumana ukukhanya okuphindwe ka-4 kuneteleskopu yee-intshi ezi-6.
Njengoko sisonyusa imbobo, siya kubona iinkwenkwezi zobukhulu zisiba buthathaka. Ubukhulu kukukhanya kwento yasezulwini. Amaxabiso asondele ku-0 aqaqambileyo. Ubukhulu obungalunganga buqaqambile kakhulu. Iliso liyakwazi ukubona ukuya kutsho kwisi-6 sobukhulu, obuhambelana nezona nkwenkwezi zibuthathaka kumphetho wokubonakala.
Iiteleskopu ezinkulu ezinkulu azikuvumeli kuphela ukuba ubone izinto ezimnyama. Ngaphandle koko, kwandisa ubungakanani beenkcukacha, oko kukuthi kwandisa isisombululo. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zilinganisa isisombululo kwimizuzwana ye-arc. Isisombululo seteleskopu sinokuvavanywa ngokujonga ukwahlukana phakathi kweenkwenkwezi ezimbini, ezibonakala ngokuhlukana kwazo okanye ukwahlula kwe-angular.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela iteleskopu esebenza ngayo.