UNewton waba ngowokuqala ukuqonda ukuba yintoni na umnyama: wasebenzisa iprism ukunqanda ukukhanya okumhlophe aze akuqhawule kube yimibala yayo esisiseko: obomvu, o-orenji, omthubi, oluhlaza, oblowu, nomfusa. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba Iprism kaNewton.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga prism Newton, iimpawu zayo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Yintoni iprism kaNewton
Iprism kaNewton sisixhobo sokubona esivumela ukuba sihlolisise kwaye siqonde uhlobo lokukhanya. Yaqanjwa sisazinzulu saseBritani uIsaac Newton ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. owenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwinkalo ye-optics.
Obona buchule beprism yeNewton kukuqhekeza ukukhanya okumhlophe kwinxalenye yemibala yayo. Xa imitha yokukhanya okumhlophe idlula kwiprism, ukukhanya kuyajikwa, oko kukuthi, kuyaphambuka kwindlela yayo yokuqala ngenxa yokutshintsha kwesantya xa kudlula embindini weprism. Oku kubangela ukuba ukukhanya kuhlukane kube ngamaza ahlukeneyo, okukhokelela kuluhlu lwemibala ukusuka kobomvu ukuya kuviolet.
Esi siganeko saziwa ngokuba kukusasazeka ukukhanya. Newton wabonisa ukuba Ukukhanya okumhlophe kwenziwa ngumxube wemibala eyahlukeneyo kwaye umbala ngamnye kule unobude obuhlukeneyo. Iprism kaNewton isivumela ukuba sikuxabise ngokubonakalayo oku kubola kwaye isibonisa ukwahluka kwemibala eyenza ukukhanya esikubona yonke imihla.
Into enomdla kwiprism yaseNewton kukukwazi kwayo ukubuyisela umva inkqubo yokusasazeka. Ngokubeka iprism yesibini emva kweyokuqala, sinokuphinda sidibanise imibala esasazekileyo kwaye sifumane ukukhanya okumhlophe kwakhona. Le nto yaziwa ngokuba yi-dispersion reversal kwaye ibonisa ukuba ukukhanya okumhlophe ngumxube wayo yonke imibala ebonakalayo.
Ukongeza ekusebenziseni kwayo ukubola kunye nokudibanisa ukukhanya, Iprism kaNewton iye yasetyenziswa nakwi-spectroscopy, ubuchule obuvumela imichiza yento ukuba ihlalutywe ngokuphonononga ukukhanya okufunxayo okanye okukhuphayo. Ngokudlula ukukhanya kwisampulu kwaye emva koko ngeprism, sinokubona imigca emnyama okanye eqaqambileyo kwisiphumo sespectrum, esinika ulwazi malunga nezinto ezikhoyo kwisampulu.
Isaac Newton kunye nembali ethile
UIsaac Newton udla ngokuba sesinye sezazinzulu zokuqala ezithi qatha engqondweni xa sixoxa ngabantu abadumileyo embalini. Ibali lakhe leapile kunye nomxhuzulane liyaziwa kakhulu. Le ngcali yefiziksi yashiya uphawu kwimbali ngokuphuhlisa imithetho elawula ukuhamba kwezinto ezisesibhakabhakeni kwi-Universe kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo eMhlabeni. Umthetho we-Universal Gravitation kunye neMithetho emithathu ye-Classical Mechanics yimizekelo emibini yemithetho enjalo.
Nangona umsebenzi wakhe wokukhanya kunye nemibala ungaziwa kangako, ubaluleke ngokufanayo. Ngaphambi kophando lukaNewton ngowe-1665, kwakukholelwa ukuba imibala yayiveliswa ngokusabela okuthile kwiglasi nokuba ukukhanya kwelanga kwakumhlophe ngokwendalo. Nangona kunjalo, waba ngowokuqala ukuqaphela ukuba ukukhanya okumhlophe kwakunoxanduva lokudala imibala, njengoko yahlukana kuyo ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokukhanyela.
Xa usenza umfuniselo osisiseko usebenzisa iprism ephindaphindayo, Waphawula ukuba ukukhanya kunokwahlulwa kube yimibala eyahlukahlukeneyo. Ngaphezu koko, waqonda ukuba izinto eziluzizi zifunxa imibala ethile ngoxa zibonakalisa eminye, nemibala ebonakala ngathi yileyo ibonakala kwiliso lomntu. Olu lingelo lwalubaluleke kangangokuba lwapapashwa kwiJournal of the Royal Society ngo-1672, luphawula iphepha lokuqala lezenzululwazi elipapashiweyo kwimbali.
Imvelaphi yemibala
Isithandi sobulumko uAristotle waba nguvulindlela ekuchongeni imibala. Ngenkulungwane yesine BC, wagqiba kwelokuba yonke imibala idalwe ngokudityaniswa kwemibala emine ebalulekileyo. Le mibala yayinxulunyaniswa nezinto ezine ezithi babelawula ihlabathi, kuquka umhlaba, amanzi, umlilo nesibhakabhaka. U-Aristotle uphinde wachaza ukuba impembelelo yokukhanya kunye nesithunzi inokuchaphazela le mibala, iyenze ibe mnyama okanye ibe lula kwaye idale ukuhluka okuhlukeneyo.
Ithiyori yemibala ayizange ihambele phambili de kwayinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, xa uLeonardo Da Vinci wenza izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo. Le ndoda yaseTaliyane eneetalente ezininzi yayikholelwa ukuba umbala ngowona mbandela ubalulekileyo. Ukongezelela, wabeka isikali sokuqala semibala esisiseko eyayiyilwe nguAristotle, isikali esakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwayo yonke eminye imibala.
UDa Vinci ucebise ukuba umhlophe ube ngumbala wokuqala, eqinisekisa ukuba ngumbala kuphela ovumela ukwamkelwa kwabo bonke abanye. Wanxulumanisa umthubi nomhlaba, oluhlaza namanzi, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nesibhakabhaka, obomvu nomlilo, nomnyama nobumnyama. Nangona kunjalo, ngasekupheleni kobomi bakhe, uDa Vinci wabuza inkcazo-bungcali yakhe xa wabona ukuba indibaniselwano yeminye imibala inokudala eluhlaza.
Iprism kaNewton kunye nethiyori yokukhanya
Ngowe-1665, uNewton wafumanisa into eyatshintsha ubomi bakhe kwilebhu yakhe. Ngokudlula ukukhanya okumhlophe kwiprism, wakwazi ukuyicanda ibe yimibala eyahlukeneyo. Olu vavanyo lwatyhila kuye ukuba ukukhanya okumhlophe kuqulethe yonke imibala ebonakalayo. Eyona nto isetyenziswayo kuvavanyo yayiyiprism ecacileyo. UNewton waqinisekisa ukuba imitha eveliswa yiprism yayisisiseko kwaye ayinakwahlulwa ngokubhekele phaya. Ukuqinisekisa oko akufumanisileyo, walungiselela iiprism ezimbini ngendlela eya kuvumela imitha ebomvu evela kwiprism yokuqala ukuba idibane njengoko idlula kweyesibini, kwakhona ivelisa ukukhanya okumhlophe.
Ukwenzeka kwesi siganeko kufana nokukhanyela ukukhanya kwi-periphery yeplastiki okanye iglasi. Oku kubangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zemibala kumphezulu. Le nto inokubonwa ngexesha leeshawa ezinelanga. Amathontsi emvula asebenza njengeeprism, aqhekeza ukukhanya kwelanga aze avelise umnyama obonakalayo.
Emva kokubona kwakho, UNewton wafumanisa ukuba ukukhanya kuxhomekeke kwinto ekuthethwa ngayo.. Ngenxa yoko, izinto ezithile ezingacacanga zifunxa imibala ethile endaweni yokuyibonisa yonke. Emva koko, uNewton waqonda ukuba kuphela imibala ebonakaliswayo yileyo ifikelela emehlweni, ngaloo ndlela inegalelo ekubonweni kombala kwinto.
Ingcaciso kaNewton idize ukuba umphezulu obonakala ubomvu ngokwenene ngumhlaba otsala yonke imibala yokukhanya okumhlophe ngaphandle kobomvu, obonakaliswa uze uqondwe ngeliso lomntu uze utolikwe bubuchopho njengombala obomvu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neprism kaNewton kunye neempawu zayo.