Enye yeentaba-mlilo eyaziwa ngokuba yeyohlobo lwe stratovolcano oludume kakhulu e-Indonesia ngomsebenzi wayo omkhulu wentaba-mlilo Igubu. Ibe yenye yeentaba-mlilo ezinowona msebenzi uphakamileyo ubhalwe emhlabeni ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Kungenxa yoko le nto ithathwa njengenye yeentaba-mlilo ezikhethekileyo ezikhoyo. Ukufunda ngakumbi ngale volcano, siza kuvavanya ezona mpawu zayo ziphambili, ukwakheka kwayo kunye nemvelaphi yazo, ukuqhuma kwayo kunye nefuthe lotshintsho lwemozulu.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngeTambora volcano, yile post yakho.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Le volcano yeqela le stratovolcanoes. Kuthetha ukuba ibunjwe sisakhiwo esinobunkunkqele esenziwe ngesixa esikhulu sezimbiwa ezinamandla kunye nokuqhuma okubekwe njengokuqhuma. Oku kuqhuma kwenzeka ngamaxesha athile, ngenxa yoko kunokuqwalaselwa njenge-volcano ehlala isebenza. Inxalenye yolwazi eya kwenza umahluko omkhulu ekumiseleni ukwakhiwa kwakho kukude kangakanani. Nangona oku kuphakama kuziimitha ezingama-2.850 kuphela ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle, yinto ephezulu kakhulu ukuba ibe yistratovolcano.
Kufuneka sazi ukuba i-caldera ye-volcanic luhlobo loxinzelelo lwentaba-mlilo olwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Esona sizathu siphambili kunye nesona siqhelekileyo kukuba igumbi le-magma liyatshona okanye litshintshe xa i-volcano iphezulu kunokuba isiseko sinokuxhasa. Oku kwenza ukuba olu didi lweentaba-mlilo lube nomngxuma omkhulu kwaye ungabona uhlobo lwe-vacuum ukuba ujonga phezulu.
Ibali landisiwe liyaziwa ukuba yiTambora volcano yafikelela kubude obuziimitha ezingama-4300 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Oku kuyenza ukuba ithathwe njengenye yezona ndawo ziphakamileyo kuyo yonke i-Indonesia ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Nangona kunjalo, konke oku kwatshintsha xa igumbi lakhe le-magma lazaliswa. Kwaye ukuze sikwazi ukucacisa oku kufuneka sibuyele ekwenziweni kwentaba-mlilo.
Ukuyilwa kweTambora volcano
Le ntaba-mlilo iye yaziwa ngokuba luqhushumbo olukhulu njengoko ikwindawo ethabathela kuyo. Indawo yokuthimba yindawo apho enye ipleyiti izika phantsi kwenye. Siyazi ukuba intaba-mlilo ibekwe malunga malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-340 ukusuka kwiJava Trench kunye neekhilomitha ezili-190 ngaphezulu kwecwecwe lokuthanjiswa kwetectonic plate imi ngezantsi kweSumbawa Islands.
Ukuhamba kwamacwecwe yeyona nto ibangele uxinzelelo olukhulu ukuba luveliswe kwimagma ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Ukuba noxinzelelo olukhulu, i-magma yajonga indlela yokuphuma. Yile ndlela zingaphi iintaba-mlilo ezigqityiweyo ukwenza. Kuqikelelwa ukuba I-volcano yaseTambora yakudala ibuyela kwiminyaka engama-57.000 eyadlulayo kwaye yaqala ukwenzeka ukusuka kwiidiphozithi zokuhamba kwamanzi ezenza lukhuni. Olu hlobo lokwakheka lwenzeka ikakhulu kwiintaba-mlilo zohlobo lwe-stratovolcano, ekwabizwa ngokuba zii-volcano zecompany.
Malunga neminyaka engama-43.000 eyadlulayo i-caldera enkulu eyenziweyo eyafikelela kubude obungaphezulu kwe-4.000 yeemitha. Konke oku kwenzeka ngexesha Ixesha lasePleistocene elingasekhoyo kwaye lazaliswa kukuhamba kwamanzi. Emva kwexesha, sele ikwindawo yokuqala iHolocene, bekukho iziqhushumbisi ezininzi ebezilungisa i-morphology ye-volcano. Olona dubulo lubaluleke kakhulu lwenzeka kule ntaba-mlilo ngo-1815. Kwenziwa i-radiocarbon dating, eyayivumela ukuba ingene kuluhlu lweziqhushumbisi ezibaluleke kakhulu kuyo yonke imeko yezembali.
Ukuqhuma kweentaba-mlilo zaseTambora
Kukho irekhodi lokuqhuma kwe-7 kwentaba-mlilo, eyona ibaluleke kakhulu yeyowe-1815. Imbali yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iTambora Ibuyela umva ubuncinci kwiminyaka engama-50.000 XNUMX. Ukuqhuma kwe-7 kuqinisekisiwe, indala yeyonyaka wama-3.900 BC. Okungakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kuyaziwa ukuba phakathi kogqabhuko olunye ukuya kolunye kukho umahluko phakathi kweminyaka engama-5.000 XNUMX. Kuqhushumbo ngalunye kukho umahluko phakathi komaleko wokuhamba kwelava okwenzekayo kunye namandla awo.
Olunye udubulo olwaziwayo nolungqinelisiweyo zenzeka ngonyaka ka-3000 BC, ngonyaka ka-1812, ngo-1819, nangona esona sibi kakhulu senzeka ngo-1815. Emva kwexesha elide ingasebenzi intaba-mlilo, abahlali bamazwe angqonge intaba-mlilo iTambora bothuswa kukulandelelana kweenyikima zomhlaba ezahlukahlukeneyo. Baye bothuka kukubona umphunga womphunga kunye nothuthu oluvela kwitshimini yale stratovolcano. Nangona bekudubulekile, abahlali bebengakhathazeki kakhulu kuba bekungekho yingozi kakhulu ukuqhuma.
KwakungoAprili 5, 1815 xa kwenzeka eyona nto imbi. Ngale mini intaba-mlilo yaqhuma ngogonyamelo olukhulu kwaye yagxotha ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic. Kucatshangelwa ukuba luhlobo lokuqhuma kunye inokuvakala kumgama oziikhilomitha ezili-1.400 XNUMX. Ngosuku olulandelayo, uthuli lwentaba-mlilo lwawa kwimpuma yeJava kwaye lwabangela ingxolo enkulu ngenxa yokuqhushumba. Kwiintsuku ezintlanu kamva, esinye seziqhushumbisi esibi embalini senzekile. Sesinye seziqhushumbisi ezinobundlobongela embalini, zikhupha ukuya kwi-150 yeekhyubikhi zelitye kunye nothuthu ukufikelela kumgama we-1.300 yeekhilomitha kumantla ntshona.
Kwakunjalo ukuqhuma kunye nomonakalo wayo malunga nabantu abangama-60.000 baphulukana nobomi babo. Olu gqabhuko-dubulo lwaziwa njengeyona inkulu kakhulu kuba ibinamandla kakhulu kunaleyo yentaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa eyenzeka ngo-1883. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abaninzi baphulukana nobomi babo kwaye imilambo yodaka yagubungela ngokupheleleyo iipali ezikufuphi kunye nawo onke amafama. Umnyhadala ubangele ukwenziwa kwe-caldera enkulu kakhulu ehleli unanamhla kwaye ibangele ukuba i-volcano ilahle ukuphakama okuninzi.
Njengoko ubona, le ntaba-mlilo yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo emhlabeni zinikwe ubundlongondlongo bokuqhuma okwenzeka ngo-1815. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nentaba-mlilo yaseTambora kunye nokuqhuma kwayo okuyingozi.