El intaba denali Yaziwa ngokuba yiMount McKinley iminyaka, kodwa igama layo elisemthethweni, elavunywa ngurhulumente wase-US, yiDenali, elinikwe ngabantu basekhaya base-Athabasca kwakudala. Ngokungathandabuzekiyo yeyona ncopho iphakamileyo kuMntla Merika kwaye kuphela kwentaba kwilizwekazi elinokuphakama okungaphezulu kwama-6.000 eemitha. Ikwayeyesithathu intaba ebalaseleyo kunye neyesithathu intaba ekwanti emva kweAconcagua ne-Everest. Ngenye imini ngowe-1794, umatiloshe uGeorge Vancouver wayibona okwesihlandlo sokuqala esuka eCook’s Bay, kodwa akuzange kube ngowe-1901 awathi wazama ukuyinyuka.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neNtaba iDenali, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
IDenali okanye uMcKinley yinxalenye yeAlaska Range, inxalenye yePacific Ring of Fire. Ibekwe ngakumbi kufutshane nombindi weDenali National Park kunye noLondolozo, ngasemazantsi-kumbindi weAlaska kunye neDenali Fault. Iqulathe indawo enkulu yegranite ende kwaye ineencopho ezimbini ezinkulu ezihlala zigqunywe likhephu:
- INorth Peak. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthathwa njengencopho enye.
- Incopho yoMzantsi. Nguye mde kunabo bobabini.
Wonke ummandla ongasentla wentaba ugutyungelwe ngumaleko wekhephu kunye nemikhenkce emikhulu emininzi. Ikhephu lityisa imikhenkce emi-5 kumathambeka: iMuldrow Glacier, iRuth Glacier, iKahiltna Glacier, iPeters Glacier kunye neTraleika Glacier.
Le ntaba ingaphezu kweemitha ezingama-6.190 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Ngelixa amaqondo obushushu kumathambeka evumela iintlobo ezininzi zezilwanyana ukuba zikhule, amaqondo obushushu kwiincopho aphezulu. Ebusika banokufikelela -70,5 ºC. Imimoya inokuba namandla; Izandyondyo ezifikelela kwi-241 km/h zarekhodwa ngexesha lesaqhwithi.
Ukusekwa kweNtaba yaseDenali
Malunga ne-60-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngethuba lexesha lomsebenzi ophezulu we-geological obonakaliswe ukuhamba rhoqo kwamacwecwe e-tectonic yomhlaba, iNtaba yaseDenali yaqala ukwenza. Iintaba ke zona zisisiphumo sokugqabhuka koqweqwe lomhlaba - iDenali Fault. Njengokuba amacwecwe ayehamba, ipleyiti yePasifiki yayikufutshane kakhulu kwipleyiti yaseMntla Melika kangangokuba yazika ngenxa yeyantlukwano kuxinzelelo, ubushushu, kunye nezinye izinto phakathi kokubini.
Ngamanye amazwi, iNtaba iDenali isiphumo se-Pacific plate subducting phantsi kwe-North American plate, kwaye ngexesha lenkqubo yokunciphisa, umphezulu we-Alaska waqala ukugoba nokugoba, ukudala izinyuko ezininzi ezakha iintaba zase-Alaska.
Ngokutsho kweNkonzo yePaki yeSizwe yase-US (NPS), iNtaba iDenali "yazalwa" malunga neminyaka engama-56 yezigidi eyadlulayo xa imagma etyhidiweyo yaqina ngaphantsi koqweqwe lomhlaba; nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka kwe-magma ekubunjweni kwayo, yayingeyiyo intaba-mlilo. Ngaphezulu kwezigidi zeminyaka, intaba inyukile ngenxa yoxinzelelo phakathi kweetectonic plates, kodwa umphezulu wayo ukhukulisekile. Intaba iyaqhubeka ukukhula ngesantya esimalunga ne-1 mm ngonyaka.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zeNtaba iDenali
INtaba iDenali ilikhaya ubuncinane kwiindidi ezingama-650 zezityalo ezivelisa iintyatyambo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ferns, i-fungi, i-algae kunye ne-lichens. Nangona amahlathi ashinyeneyo, i<em>tundra, imilambo enomkhenkce, kwanethafa lezikhukula zinokubonwa kumathambeka nakwiintlambo, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi nokuphakama kwawo kunqanda nantoni na ngaphandle kohlaza olunemithi nezityalo eziphantsi ukuba zingakhuli kwimimandla engasentla. Ipaki ine-spruce emhlophe (Picea glauca) kunye ne-birch (Betula papyrifera) amahlathi kwaye inemozulu engaphantsi kwe-suarctic.
Izilwanyana zasendle kulo mmandla ziquka malunga neentlobo ze-167 zeentaka, iintlobo ze-10 zeentlanzi, iintlobo ze-39 zezilwanyana ezincancisayo, kunye ne-1 amphibian.. Abanye babemi bale paki ziimpungutye ezibomvu ( Vulpes vulpes ), oonomatse obomvu ( Sciurus vulgaris ), iibhere ezimnyama ( Ursus americanus ), iibhere ezimdaka ( Ursus arctos ), iicoyotes ( Canis latrans ), iiwolverines ( Gulo gulo ), iimarmots ( Marmota monax ), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), grey jay kunye necapercaillie (Lagopus lagopus).
Ukuhambahamba
Umbono weMount McKinley ovela kwidolophu yase-Talkeetna unomtsalane ngokwenyani ngobukhulu bayo kwaye uphantse ube kwadwa. Yenye yeendawo ezingamawaka amathandathu kuphela emhlabeni ezibekwe ngaphezulu kwe-43º kumantla eikhweyitha, ezinye ziphakathi kwe-43º emntla kunye ne-32º yesibanzi sasezantsi.
Ixesha elifanelekileyo lokujongana nomceli mngeni wokunyuka iMcKinley Massif lilinganiselwe kwixesha elifutshane phakathi kokuqala kukaMeyi nokuphela kukaJuni, kuba ngeli xesha iimeko zemozulu zilungile kwaye ubusika buphantsi kakhulu amaqondo obushushu aphezulu. kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ama-avalanche amakhulu ehlotyeni.
Ngokweminye imilinganiselo ye-barometric, uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric encotsheni yeNtaba iMcKinley lusondele kwiingxenye ze-7 ngewaka. Ukusondela kwayo kwiArctic Circle kunye nokuphakama kwayo okubonakalayo kuyenza ibe yenye yezona ntaba zibandayo eMhlabeni. Incopho yeDenali iphantse ibe ngama-2000 eemitha ukuphakama (ezibalaseleyo) kuneencochoyi ezingqongileyo, ngoko ke izitshingitshane zekhephu kunye nekhephu zinokuba mbi kakhulu kwimozulu embi.
Imbali ethile
Nangona abantu balapho babesele beyazi, bayibiza ngokuba yiDenali, kodwa ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, abelungu bokuqala abayibonayo le ntaba intle yayingabakhenkethi begolide. Bemangaliswe yimbonakalo yayo entle, kungekudala balungiselela uhambo lokuya encochoyini.
Emva kwemigudu emibini engaphumeleliyo yokufikelela encotsheni, uGqr. Frederick A. Cook wagqiba kwelokuba enze umzamo wokugqibela ngoAgasti 1906, ekhatshwa ngumncedisi wasekuhlaleni kuphela.
Ekubuyeni kwakhe, waqinisekisa ukuba ufikelele encotsheni, wamfumana indumiso ephezulu kubakhweli. Emva kokupapashwa kwencwadi ethi Reaching the Top of the Continent, ebalisa ngesi siganeko, kuquka iifoto zaloo ndibano kuthiwa yingqungquthela, abahloli bamazwe abaliqela ababemkhapha kwilinge lakhe lokuqala bathi bayayazi eyona ndawo yayifotwe kuyo. Oku kwabangela ukuba ngowe-1910 baququzelele iphulo lokuphikisa amabango alo gqirha.
Ukulandela indlela ayichazile, bafikelela kwinto ababekholelwa ukuba sisiphelo sebali lokwenyani kwaye bathatha iifoto ezifanayo ezithunyelwe nguCook. Babemalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-30 ukusuka encotsheni yentaba. Kwangaxeshanye, iqela labakhweli elalihambe ukusuka emazantsi ukuya encotsheni labuya liqinisekile ukuba lifikile, yaye ukungqina oko, lashiya isibonda esiziimitha ezi-4 apho laphakamisela iflegi.
Ngo-1912, uBrown noParker, bencediswa yindoda yesithathu uMerle LeVoy, baququzelela iphulo lokulwa noGqirha ukuzama kwakhona. Emva kokunyuka okunzima kunye neemeko ezimbi zemozulu, bagqiba ekubeni babuyele kwinkampu yesiseko xa bephantse bafike phezulu. Phakathi kwamashwa amaninzi abadibana nawo endleleni, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba bathi nje bakuhla entabeni beva enye yezona nyikima zinkulu zaziwayo, leyo ehamba nogqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iKatmai. Zonke iincopho ezinkulu zomkhenkce ekwakufuneka zinyuke, zajika zaba yimikhenkce esasazeke kwikhephu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neNtaba iDenali kunye neempawu zayo.