ipacific Ocean
Kwiplanethi apho i-75% yomphezulu wayo igutyungelwe ngamanzi, iilwandle zidlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kulawulo lwemozulu yehlabathi liphela, ukusuka kwiipali ukuya kwiitropiki. Kwaye kulapho, kumanzi ashushu etropiki ye-Pacific esempuma, apho imeko yezulu yenzeka khona eqala ngokubekwa kwindawo, kodwa iphele ineziphumo kuwo wonke umhlaba: El Niño.
Kweli nqaku siza kuchaza yintoni kwaye iyichaphazela njani imozulu yehlabathi ukuze ufunde okungakumbi malunga neelwandle kunye nefuthe abanalo kuzo zonke iinxalenye zeplanethi yethu.
Yintoni i-El Niño phenomenon?
El Niño Yinto enxulumene nokufudumala kwamanzi asempuma kweikhweyitha yePacific, ejikelezayo, eyenzeka rhoqo kwiminyaka emithathu okanye esibhozo kwaye ihlala iinyanga eziyi-8-10.. Sisigaba esifudumeleyo sepateni yemozulu yephasifiki ebizwa ngokuba yi-El Niño-Southern Oscillation, i-ENSO ngesifinyezo sayo ngesiNgesi. Yinto ebangela umonakalo ongenakubalwa kunye nobubi kummandla wetropiki nakwikhweyitha, ikakhulu ngenxa yemvula enkulu.
Abalobi basePeru babelithiya elo gama bebhekisa kusana olunguYesu, kwaye nyaka ngamnye kubakho umsinga oshushu weKrisimesi. Kwakungekho ngo-1960 apho kwaqatshelwa ukuba kwakungeyona into yasePeruvia, kodwa ukuba ngokwenene ineziphumo kuyo yonke iPacific yetropiki nakwindawo engaphaya.
Akukacaci ukuba le nto ikhula njani, kodwa isazi ngemozulu uJacob Bjerknes (1897-1975) wadibanisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu olwandle kunye nemimoya ebuthathaka evela empuma kunye nemvula enkulu eyayihamba nabo.
Emva kwexesha, esinye isazi ngemozulu esigama lingu-Abraham Levy sakuqaphela oko Amanzi olwandle, abanda ngexesha lasekwindla nasebusika, ayatshisa kwaye ngenxa yoko, ubushushu bomoya buyanda. Amanzi afudumeleyo ahamba phantsi kolwandle, ukusuka e-Australia ukuya ePeru.
Ibonwa njani le nto?
Njengoko ineziphumo ezinokubangela umonakalo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba neenkqubo zokuyifumana ngexesha. Ke, amanyathelo afanelekileyo anokuthathwa ukunqanda elona nani likhulu liswelekileyo. Yayo, Iisathelayithi, iiboys ezidadayo ziyasetyenziswa kwaye ulwandle luyahlaziywa ukwazi ukuba zeziphi iimeko umphezulu weelwandle kummandla wekhweyitha obonisa. Ukongeza, umoya uphandiwe kuba, njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, utshintsho kumoya lunokuba sisalathiso sokuba imeko ye-El Niño sele iza kwenzeka.
Ifuthe lini elinalo kwimozulu?
U-El Niño, into esele iqhubeke kangangeenkulungwane, inefuthe elikhulu kwimozulu yehlabathi. Ngapha koko, namhlanje inokutshintsha iimeko zemozulu yendawo kangangokuba, ngenxa yokukhula kwenani labemi, kuya kungxamiseka ukuba amazwe achaphazelekayo angathatha amanyathelo afanelekileyo okuhlangabezana neziphumo zawo. Kwaye ke, emva kokuphuhliswa kwayo, utshintsho lwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu nakwiipatheni zemvula nomoya kwiplanethi.
Masazi ukuba zithini iziphumo zayo:
- Kumhlaba jikelele: iirekhodi zobushushu, utshintsho ekujikelezeni komoya, ukubonakala kwezifo ekunzima ukuziphelisa (njengekholera), ukulahleka kwezityalo nezilwanyana.
- EMzantsi Melika: ukwehla koxinzelelo lwasemoyeni, ukufudumeza kweHumboldt yangoku kunye nexesha elifumileyo kakhulu apho imvula inamandla kakhulu.
- EMazantsi mpuma Asiya: ukwakheka kwamafu asezantsi, imbalela ebalulekileyo kunye nokwehla kwamaqondo obushushu elwandle.
Okwangoku, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba akukho zimbini i-El Niño ezifanayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iindawo ebezichaphazeleke kwixesha lokugqibela zisenokungaphinde zichaphazele. Baya kuba namathuba amakhulu, ewe, kodwa awukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-El Niño kunye notshintsho lwemozulu
Ngelixa okwangoku kungaziwa ncam ukuba loluphi uhlobo lokutshintsha kwemozulu kwimpembelelo ye-El Niño, izazinzulu ezininzi zalatha ku kufunda epapashwe kwiphephancwadi iNdalo ngo-2014 ukuba ubukhulu bento, kunye nokuqina kwayo, kunokwenzeka ukuba kunyuke njengoko ubushushu bomhlaba jikelele benyuka. Nangona kunjalo, iPhaneli yoorhulumente kuTshintsho lweMozulu (IPCC) ayilithathi eli khonkco njengobungqina, ngoba?
Ewe impendulo yile xa sithetha ngotshintsho lwemozulu sithetha ngeendlela zemozulu, ngelixa imeko ye-El Niño ingumahluko wendalo. Nangona kunjalo, zikhona ezinye izazi zemozulu, ezinje noJorge Carrasco, abavumelana nophononongo ukuba kwihlabathi elifudumeleyo, amandla kunye nokuhamba rhoqo kwe-El Niño kuyonyuka.
Njengoko sele sibonile, i-El Niño yinto enokuba neziphumo ezininzi kwaye ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ukuzikhusela kwethu, kubalulekile ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwegesi ekhuselekileyo ekuthinteleni ubushushu ekuqhubekeni ukunyuka, kuba ukuba asenzi njalo, ukongeza kwimiphumo yokutshintsha kwemozulu, kuya kufuneka sizikhusele kwimbonakalo ye-El Niño.