Enye ye Ubume beatmosfera esikhusela yi indawo yendalo. Ngummandla oqukethe inani elikhulu leeathom kunye neemolekyuli ezihlawulwa ngombane. La masuntswana ahlawulisiweyo ayenziwa ngenxa yemitha evela esibhakabhakeni, ngakumbi kwinkwenkwezi yethu iLanga. Le radiation ibetha iiatom ezingathathi hlangothi kunye nemolekyuli yomoya esemoyeni kwaye iphele ibabiza ngombane. Ionosphere ibaluleke kakhulu ebantwini kwaye, ke ngoko, siza kuyinikela le posi kuyo.
Siza kuchaza yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neempawu, ukusebenza kunye nokubaluleka kwe-ionosphere.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ngelixa iLanga likhanya ngokuqhubekekayo, ngexesha lomsebenzi walo ivelisa isixa esikhulu semitha yombane. Le radiation iwela kumaleko eplanethi yethu, ihlawula iiathom kunye neemolekyuli ngombane. Nje ukuba onke amasuntswana ahlawuliswe, iifom zomaleko esizibiza ngokuba yi-ionosphere. Olu luhlu lubekwe phakathi kwe-mesosphere, i-thermosphere kunye ne-exosphere.
Ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi uyabona ukuba iqala kubude obumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ngaphezulu komphezulu womhlaba. Nangona iqala ngeli nqanaba, apho igqitywa khona kwaye ibaluleke ngaphezulu kwe-80 km. Kwimimandla esikuyo kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-ionosphere sinokubona amakhulu eekhilomitha ngaphezulu komphezulu owandisa amashumi amawaka eekhilomitha emajukujukwini yinto esiyibiza ngokuba yimagnetosphere. Imagnetosphere bubume bomoya esiwubiza ngale ndlela ngenxa yokuziphatha kwawo ngenxa Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye nokwenza kwelanga kuye.
I-ionosphere kunye ne-magnetosphere zihambelana neentlawulo zeengqungquthela. Inye ineendleko zombane enye inezinto ezibizayo.
Amacwecwe e-ionosphere
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, nangona i-ionosphere iqala nge-50 km, inamacandelo ahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kukuxinana kunye nokwenziwa kwee-ion. Ngaphambili, i-ionosphere bekucingelwa ukuba yenziwe ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo achongwe ngoonobumba D, E, no-F. Uluhlu lwe-F lwahlulwe lwangamacandelo amabini aneenkcukacha ngakumbi awayeyi-F1 kunye ne-F2. Okwangoku, kunolwazi olungakumbi ngombulelo we-ionosphere kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji kwaye kuyaziwa ukuba la maleko ahlukile kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze ungenzi abantu ukuba babe nesiyezi, isikimu sokuqala esasikho ekuqaleni sigcinwa.
Siza kuhlalutya inxenye ngenxalenye yamacandelo ahlukeneyo e-ionosphere ukubona ngokweenkcukacha ukubumba nokubaluleka kwazo.
Ummandla D
Yeyona nxalenye isezantsi ye-ionosphere iphela. Ifikelela kubude obuphakathi kwama-70 nama-90 eekhilomitha. Ummandla we-D uneempawu ezahlukileyo ezivela kwimimandla ye-E kunye ne-F. Kungenxa yokuba ii-elektroniki zasimahla zanyamalala phantse ngokupheleleyo ebusuku. Bavame ukunyamalala njengoko badibanisa neion oxygen ukwenza ioksijini zeoksijini ezingathathi cala ngombane.
Ummandla E
Lo ngumaleko okwaziwa ngokuba yiKennekky-Heaviside. Eli gama linikezelwe ukuhlonipha injineli yaseMelika u-Arthur E. Kennelly kunye ne-English physicist u-Oliver Heaviside. Lo maleko wanda ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ukusuka kwi-90 km, apho umaleko D uphelela kwi-160 km. Umahluko ocacileyo wommandla we-D kwaye kukuba ionization ihlala ubusuku bonke. Kufuneka kukhankanywe ukuba kuncitshisiwe.
Ummandla F
Inokuphakama okuqikelelweyo ukusuka kwi-160 km ukuya esiphelweni. Yeyona nxalenye ineyona ndawo iphakamileyo yoxinaniso lwee-elektroniki zasimahla kuba ikufutshane nelanga. Ke ngoko, ibona ngakumbi ukusasazeka kwemitha. Inqanaba layo le-ionization alitshintshi kangako ngobusuku, njengoko kukho utshintsho kulwabiwo lweeon. Ngexesha lasemini sinokubona izaleko ezibini: umaleko omncinci owaziwa njenge-F1 ophakamileyo phezulu, kunye nolunye uluhlu oluphezulu lwe-ionized eyaziwa ngokuba yi-F2. Ngethuba lobusuku bobabini baxubene kwinqanaba le-F2 eyaziwayo ngegama likaAppleton.
Indima kunye nokubaluleka kwendalo
Kwabaninzi, ukuba nomaleko womoya ohlawuliswa ngombane akunakuthetha nto. Nangona kunjalo, i-ionosphere ibaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso loluntu. Umzekelo, enkosi kolu nwebu sinokusasaza amaza erediyo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo emhlabeni. Singathumela imiqondiso phakathi kweesathelayithi kunye noMhlaba.
Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo zokuba kutheni i-ionosphere isisiseko ebantwini kungenxa yokuba isikhusela kwimitha eyingozi evela esibhakabhakeni. Enkosi kwi-ionosphere sinokubona izinto ezintle zendalo ezinje Izibane zasemaNtla. Ikwakhusela iplanethi yethu kumatye esesibhakabhakeni angena kwiatmosfera. Ithermosphere isinceda sizikhusele kwaye silawule ubushushu boMhlaba ngokufunxa inxenye yemitha ye-UV kunye ne-X-ray ekhutshwa liLanga. Kwelinye icala, indawo engaphandle ngumgca wokuqala wokhuselo phakathi kweplanethi kunye nemitha yelanga. .
Amaqondo obushushu kolu luhlu lufunekayo aphezulu kakhulu. Ngamanye amanqaku sinokufumana i-1.500 degrees Celsius. Kobu bushushu, ngaphandle kwento yokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba uphile, kungatshisa yonke into yabantu edlulayo. Yiyo le nto ibangela indawo enkulu yeemeteorites ezibethe iplanethi yethu ukuba zichithakale zenze iinkwenkwezi zokudubula. Kwaye kukuthi xa la matye edibana ne-ionosphere kunye nobushushu obuphezulu apho ifunyanwa khona kwezinye iindawo, sifumanisa ukuba into iyajika ibe ngathi iyangqinga kwaye ijikelezwe ngumlilo ide iphele idilikile.
Ubungqingqwa obuyimfuneko kakhulu kubomi bomntu bokukhula njengoko sisazi namhlanje. Ngesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuba simazi ngakumbi kwaye sifunde indlela aziphethe ngayo, kuba besingenakuphila ngaphandle kwakhe.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-ionosphere.