Umntu ebesoloko enenjongo yokwazi ngaphaya kwezinto ezikhoyo kwiplanethi yethu. Ukuze ukwazi ukuphanda yonke le nto kumntu, kukho imijukujelwa yasemajukujukwini. Sisixhobo esihamba emoyeni ngesantya esiphezulu kwaye sisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengesixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, ikwasebenzela ukuphononongwa kwendawo.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neerokethi zasemkhathini kunye nendlela ezisebenza ngayo.
Ziziphi iirokethi zasemkhathini
Ezi rokethi zinenjini yejethi (ebizwa ngokuba yi-rocket injini) eyenza intshukumo ngokukhupha irhasi kwigumbi lokutsha. Ziyakwazi nokuqhutyelwa ngokutshiswa kwe-propellant kwi-tube yokuqalisa.
Iirokhethi zikwaluhlobo lomatshini, enkosi kwi-injini yokutsha yangaphakathi, inokuvelisa amandla e-kinetic ayimfuneko ukuze kwandiswe inxalenye yerhasi ebalekayo ngombhobho. Yiyo loo nto benokuqhuba ijethi. Iziphekepheke ezisebenzisa olu hlobo lokuqhutywa zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziirokethi.
Ngoncedo lweerokethi, iiprobe ezenziweyo, iisathelayithi kunye noosomajukujuku banokuthunyelwa emajukujukwini. Ngale ndlela, asinakubulibala ubukho bezinto ezibizwa ngokuba zii-rocket zasemkhathini. Ingumatshini oxhotyiswe nge-injini yokutshisa yangaphakathi eyenza amandla e-kinetic yokwandisa igesi ye-jet propulsion.
Iintlobo zeerokhethi zasemkhathini
Kukho iindidi ezininzi zeerokethi zasemkhathini, ezona zibalulekileyo kuzo zezi:
- Ukuba sithathela ingqalelo inani lezigaba, siya kufumana iirokhethi zesigaba esinye, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-monolithic rockets, kunye neerokethi ezininzi. Njengoko igama lisitsho, kukho izigaba ezininzi ezenzeka ngokulandelelana.
- Ukuba siqwalasela uhlobo lwamafutha, siya kufumana iirokethi ze amafutha aqinileyo, apho i-oxidant kunye ne-propellant ixutywe kwisimo esiqinileyo kwigumbi lokutsha, kunye neerokethi zamafutha olwelo. Le yokugqibela ibonakaliswe ukuba i-oxidant kunye ne-propellant zigcinwe ngaphandle kwegumbi.
Kuyo yonke imbali, bekukho iirokethi ezibalulekileyo kuba zithumele ngempumelelo abantu esithubeni. Sibhekisa koku kulandelayo:
- IVostok-K 8K72K, le yirokhethi yokuqala eyenziwe ngabantu. Yaveliswa eRashiya kwaye yayinoxanduva lokwenza uYuri Gagarin umntu wokuqala ukufikelela kwindawo.
- Iatlasi LV-3B. Yenza uJohn Glenn abe yirokethi yokuqala yaseMelika ukufikelela kumjikelezo woMhlaba.
- ISaturn V, i-rocket eyathatha uNeil Armstrong, uMichael Collins kunye noBuzz Aldrin ukuya enyangeni.
I-pyrotechnic element ene-powder tube ikwabizwa ngokuba yi-rocket. Kukho i-wick ezantsi kwe-cylinder: xa ilayita, iyatshisa kwaye ikhuphe i-gas, ibangela ukuba i-rocket iphakame ngokukhawuleza ide iqhume phakathi kwe-air and yenza ingxolo enkulu.
Zisebenza njani
Nangona umgaqo wokusebenza kweerokethi zasemkhathini unzima, umgaqo Iyafana naleyo yeerokethi zokuqala zerhuluwa esizaziyo ukusukela ngo-1232. Kuye kwavela kwiirekhodi ezithile zokukhusela ikomkhulu lephondo laseHenan ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Imijukujelwa kamva yaziswa eYurophu ngama-Arabhu ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, kodwa yasetyenziswa njengemipu kulo lonke eli lizwekazi de yaphela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
Imijukujelwa yasemajukujukwini ilandela umthetho wesithathu kaNewton, umgaqo wesenzo nokusabela. Ngokusisiseko, basebenzisa i-injini yokutshisa yangaphakathi ukuvelisa amandla e-kinetic ayimfuneko ekwandiseni igesi.
Isiphumo sokutshiswa kweekhemikhali unamandla kakhulu kwaye uya kutyhala umoya phantsi ngamandla amakhulu, njengoko kuchazwe kumthetho wesithathu kaNewton: amandla ngamnye ahambelana namanye amandla anobukhulu obulinganayo kwicala elahlukileyo. Ngamanye amazwi, umoya utyhala i-rocket ngamandla afanayo kunye namandla asezantsi aqhutywa yigesi. Xa igesi igxothwa, amandla avelisiweyo yile nkqubo abangela ukusabela kungekhona nje ukuphakamisa i-rocket, kodwa nokuvumela ukuba ifikelele kwisantya esiphezulu kakhulu.
Iirokethi zamafutha olwelo
Uphuhliso lweerokethi eziphenjelelwa lulwelo lwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1920. I-rocket yokuqala eyenziwe ngulwelo yenziwa nguGoddard kwaye yasungulwa ngo-1926 kufuphi ne-Auburn, Massachusetts. Kwiminyaka emihlanu emva koko, i-rocket yokuqala yaseJamani eyakhiwe ngolwelo nayo yakhiwa kwinqanaba labucala. Ngasekupheleni kowe-1932, iSoviet Union yadubula imijukujelwa okokuqala.
Irokethi yokuqala ephumeleleyo yolwelo olunamandla yayiyi-V-2 yovavanyo yaseJamani, eyayilwa ngexesha leMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini phantsi kolawulo lwengcaphephe ye-rocket u-Wernher von Braun. I-V-2 yaqala ukuqaliswa kwisiseko sophando sePeenemünde kwisiqithi sase-Usedom ngo-Oktobha 3, 1942. Kwisizukulwana sokuqala samarokhethi apheliswe ngamanzi, incam yinxalenye ethwala intlawulo, enokuthi ibe yimfazwe okanye isixhobo senzululwazi.
Inxalenye ekufutshane nentloko idla ngokuba nezixhobo zokukhokela, ezifana negyroscopes okanye igyrocompass, acceleration sensors, okanye iikhompyutha. Ngezantsi kukho iitanki ezimbini eziphambili: enye iqulethe amafutha kwaye enye iqulethe i-oxidant. Ukuba ubungakanani berokhethi abukho bukhulu kakhulu, omabini amacandelo angabhekiswa kwi-injini ngokucinezela itanki yayo yamafutha ngegesi encinci ye-inert.
Kwiirokethi ezinkulu, le ndlela ayisebenzi kuba itanki iya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ke ngoko, kwiirokethi ezinkulu ezinolwelo, Uxinzelelo lufunyanwa yimpompo ebekwe phakathi kwetanki yamafutha kunye ne-rocket motor. Ekubeni inani lepetroli eliza kuphonswa likhulu kakhulu (nangona i-V-2 itshisa i-127 kg ye-fuel ngomzuzwana), ipompo efunekayo yi-centrifuge ephezulu eqhutywe yi-turbine yegesi.
Isixhobo esineinjini yomoya kunye namafutha ayo, impompo, injini, nazo zonke izixhobo eziyeleleneyo zenza injini yerokethi ye-liquid-fuel. Ngokufika kwesiphekepheke esiqhutywa ngabantu, umthwalo utshintshile kwaye kuye kwavela inani leerokethi, njengeMercury, Gemini, kunye neApollo. Okokugqibela, ngesiphekepheke, irokethi efutha ulwelo kunye nomthwalo wayo idityaniswe kwiyunithi enye.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neerokethi zendawo kunye neempawu zazo.