Xa sijonga izinto zetafile ye periodic, ezininzi zazo zihlala kwaye zibizwa imihlaba enqabileyo. Isezantsi kwitheyibhile yeperiodic, kwaye ngaphandle kwabo ubomi bethu abuyi kufana njengoko siyazi. Enkosi kule mihlaba inqabileyo kunokwenzeka ukwenza ezona zixhobo zikumgangatho ophezulu njengeefowuni eziphathwayo, iikhompyuter, njl.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga nomhlaba onqabileyo, iimpawu zabo kunye nokubaluleka.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Njengoko sele sikhankanyile, ezi zinyithi azinqabile njengoko amagama azo ebonisa, kodwa kunzima ukuzomba. Kwaye azidli ngokuqokelela kwiiminerali. Ukuba sidibanisa le ntsimbi enqabileyo kunye neemfuno zezicelo zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu, kukho zonke iintlobo zeengxaki zezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko ezenza umhlaba onqabileyo unomdla kakhulu.
Luluhlu lweziqalelo zeekhemikhali ezithi zifumaneka emathunjini omhlaba kwaye zibalulekile kuninzi lobuchwepheshe esinabo namhlanje. Umzekelo, umhlaba onqabileyo usetyenziswa kubathengi abaninzi be-elektroniki, iikhompyuter kunye nothungelwano, unxibelelwano, amandla acocekileyo, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ukuthomalalisa kokusingqongileyo, ukhuselo, uthutho oluphambili, nokunye.
Badume kakhulu ngemagnethi, ukukhanya kunye neempawu ze-electrochemical. Ezi ziimpawu ezizodwa, kwaye zonke ezi zinto zinceda iindlela ezininzi ukuba zingasebenzi ngokufanelekileyo kuphela, kodwa zigcine ubunzima. Singakwazi kwakhona ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Le ndlela, sifika kwithekhnoloji yangoku ngokusebenza kakuhle, ukusebenza, isantya, ukuqina kunye nokuzinza kwe-thermal. Iimveliso eziqulethe ubugcisa bomhlaba obunqabileyo zinceda ekuqhubeni ukukhula koqoqosho lwehlabathi ngelixa zigcina imigangatho ephezulu yokuphila kwaye zisindisa ubomi.
Iipropati zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Makhe sibone umhlaba onqabileyo kunye neempawu zawo, siyazi ukuba azinqabile ngokukodwa ngokumalunga nobuninzi babo kwi-crust yomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, iipropathi zayo ezizodwa zingenxa yesakhiwo sayo se-athomu. Zinolungelelwaniso lwe-elektroniki oluzahlula kwezinye izinto kwitheyibhile yeperiodic. Ngelixa yonke imihlaba enqabileyo yabelana ngezinto ezibalulekileyo, ezinye zithe ngqo kwizinto ezithile. Zifumaneka kunye kunye neeminerali kunye amatye kwaye kunzima ukwahlula omnye komnye ngenxa yokufana kweekhemikhali. Oku kubizwa ngokuba kukuhambelana kweekhemikhali.
Umhlaba onqabileyo udume kakhulu ngeempawu zawo zekhemikhali, ezinikwe uninzi losetyenziso olusebenzayo. Zithe ngqo kwizinto ezithile, ngoko ke ucelomngeni lokukwazi ukuzahlula kufuneka woyiswe.
Ukongeza kwisakhiwo se-athomu, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba ezinqabileyo ezisekelwe kwiimpawu zabo zekhemikhali. Ubungakanani kwakhona luphawu olwahlulayo. Ubungakanani be-atom ye-lanthanides buyancipha ngokunyuka kwenani le-atom. Oku kubangela ukuba imihlaba enqabileyo ekhaphukhaphu yahlukane nomhlaba onzima onqabileyo. Kwaye zombini ziveliswa ngeeminerali ezahlukeneyo.
Umzekelo, ukuba sikhankanya i-lutetium, sifumanisa ukuba inokutshintsha ngokulula ezinye izinto kwiiminerali apho iindawo ezikhoyo zincinci. Iikhompawundi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zidla ngokuba yi-ronic kwaye zizinzile. Phakathi kweeoksidi, sifumana ezinye zezona zizinzile. Uninzi lweelanthanides zinesimo esine-trivalent.
Ukuhlelwa komhlaba ngokungaqhelekanga
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iindidi ezahlukeneyo ezahlulwe ngazo ezi elementi. Eyokuqala ziilantanoids ezihlelwa njengemihlaba enqabileyo ekhanyayo. Makhe sibone ukuba ziyintoni na:
- ilanthanum
- cerium
- kwiindidi
- neodymium
- ukuthengisa
- Samarium
Kwelinye icala sinemihlaba enzima enqabileyo elandelayo:
- europium
- Yininzi
- terbium
- Dysprosium
- holmium
- erbium
- thulium
- yyibhabhi
- ilutetium
Into kuphela kulo lonke uluhlu ukuba ayifumanekanga ngokwemvelo yipromethium. Siyazi ukuba zonke ii-isotopes ze-promethium zi-radioactive, ngoko ke inokwakheka kuphela kwii-reactors zenyukliya. Ayinakufunyanwa ngokwemvelo eMhlabeni.
ILanthanides kunye nokubaluleka kwazo
Ewe, uyazi malunga ne-lanthanides xa ufunde itafile ye periodic eyenza ube nomdla. Ezi zizinto ezixhaphake kakhulu kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye kudla ngokuba nzima ukuzikhupha. Akunzima nje ukukhupha, kodwa zisetyenziselwa ubuninzi. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziyabengezela, ngokuqhelekileyo isilivere. Xa bevezwe kwioksijini, banombala omninzi wesilivere. Zibonakaliswa ngokusebenza kwazo okuphezulu, kwaye nangona zingaqhumi, zingcolisa ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukungcoliseka ngezinye izinto.
Siyazi ukuba ayizizo zonke iilanthanides zonakaliswa ngesantya esifanayo. Ngokomzekelo, i-lutetium kunye ne-gadolinium inokuvezwa emoyeni ixesha elide ngaphandle kokungcola. Kwelinye icala, sinezinye i-lanthanides ezifana ne-lanthanum, neodymium kunye ne-europium, ezisebenza kakhulu kwaye kufuneka zigcinwe kwi-oyile yezimbiwa ukunqanda inkungu.
Onke amalungu ochungechunge lwelanthanide anokwakheka okugudileyo. Uninzi lwazo lunokunqunyulwa ngokulula ngemela kwaye alufuni izixhobo ezinzima zonyango. Izinto ezithathwa njengemihlaba enqabileyo aziqwalaselwa kuba kunzima ukuzifumana. Zigqalwa nje njengemihlaba enqabileyo kuba kunzima ukuyikhupha ngendlela esulungekileyo ngokwemiyinge eyaneleyo ukwanelisa naziphi na iimfuno zamashishini. Azinamsebenzi ukuba Izixa ezifunekayo ukuvelisa iimveliso zobugcisa azinakufunyanwa.
La mazwe anengozi yokwenene kwimarike yokuba yimveliso ebalaseleyo. Siyazi ukuba iChina inowona vimba mkhulu womhlaba onqabileyo kwaye iyawasebenzisa. Zininzi kakhulu xa zithelekiswa noqweqwe lomhlaba, kodwa ngokwendawo enokubonwa okanye azixhaphakanga kakhulu kunezinye iiminerali ezininzi.
Oku kwenza ukuba ukutsalwa kwakho kuxabiseke ngakumbi. Imfuno yehlabathi jikelele yemihlaba enqabileyo kulindeleke ukuba inyuke enkosi ukusetyenziswa ezimotweni, kubathengi bombane, izibane ezonga amandla kunye neziguquli zecatalytic.
Zizinto ezingundoqo kuba zizodwa kwaye azinakuthathelwa indawo kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kumashishini aluhlaza (izithuthi zombane, i-hybrids, ii-turbines, njl. njl.) ukuphuhlisa izinto ezifana neekhompyutha, iithelevishini, iilaser ezinezicelo ezininzi.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuxinana kwemveliso eTshayina, leyo imele ngaphezu kwe-90% yehlabathi lilonke, yenza ezi zinto zibe novakalelo ngokukodwa kubume belizwe lezopolitiko kwaye kunokukhokelela kunikezelo olunyiniweyo lwezinto ezibalulekileyo kuqoqosho lwaseYurophu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomhlaba onqabileyo kunye neempawu zawo.