Ngaphakathi kwejoloji kukho isebe elijolise ekufundeni umba wekristall owenzeka ngokwendalo. Imalunga ne- ikristalo. Yisayensi ejongene nokufunda imithetho elawula ukwenziwa kweekristali, ijiyometri, iikhemikhali kunye neepropathi zomzimba. Njengoko kukho iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zeekristal, icrystallography yahlulwe yangamasebe aliqela.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, izifundo kunye nokubaluleka kwe-crystallography.
Amasebe ecrystallography
Kuba sisayensi efunda ukwenziwa kweekristal kunye nazo zonke iipropathi zejometri, zamachiza kunye nezomzimba, amasebe ahlukeneyo ahlelwa:
- I-crystallography yeGeometric. Ijolise ekufundweni kolwakhiwo lwejiyometri.
- ICrystallography yemichiza okanye iCrystallography yemichiza. Njengoko igama libonisa ukuba ligxile kwikhemistri yeekristali.
- I-crystallography ebonakalayo okanye i-crystallography ebonakalayo. Ijolise ekufundeni iipropathi ezibonakalayo zeekristali.
Kwinxalenye yejometri yekristalelography, i-morphology yangaphandle yeekristali kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamalungu azo ziyafundwa. Ulungelelwaniso lothungelwano olwenza ikristale luthathelwa ingqalelo. Ke ngoko, ayisiyondlela yesayensi ye-visu kuphela, kodwa ii-microscopes ezinamandla ziyafuneka. Xa ujongene nomba wekristall ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga macroscopic, kufuneka uthathelwe ingqalelo njengezinto ezifanayo kunye eziqhubekayo. Inempawu ze-anisotropic kunye ne-symmetric. Kulapho ke xa ufunda ulingano lweekristali, kufanele ukuba luphathwe njengolunye kunye kunye nokwahlulahlula okuneempawu ezizodwa ngokuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yoyilo lwayo.
Xa sifunda ngekristallography yemichiza sigxila kuyo ulungelelwaniso lweeathom kwizinto zekristalline. Oko kukuthi, kugxile ekufundeni ulwakhiwo lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle lwekristale. Kule meko, kunyanzelekile ukwazisa umba wekristale yokwenyani kuba kufuneka uqwalasele ukungafezeki okunokuba nako, ngokuchasene nokwenzekayo ngekristallography yejometri. Kunokuthiwa yikristalllography lisebe elivela kufundo lwezimbiwa.
Kwigoloji ukwakheka nokwakheka kwamatye kunye neeminerali kuyafundwa. Icandelo elijolise kufundo lwezimbiwa kunye nezimbiwa. Kuba iiminerali ezininzi ziikristale eziyinyani ngokuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi yazo, izalwa lisebe le-crystallography.
Okokugqibela, xa sifunda ngekristalllography ebonakalayo Sigxila kwiimpawu ezibonakalayo zeekristali. Nje ukuba ezi zinto zibonakalayo zifundwe, kwenziwa ilinge lokunxibelelana nokwenziwa kweekhemikhali kunye nolwakhiwo. Ngale ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba ufumane ulwazi kuyo yonke ikristale.
Isimbiwa esisebenzayo
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, i-mineralogy yinxalenye yesayensi ngaphakathi kwejoloji enoxanduva lokufunda izimbiwa. Inobudlelwane obusondeleyo ne-crystallography kuba ifunda ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, ulwakhiwo lwekristale, iipropathi zomzimba kunye neemeko zemvelaphi yeekristali kunye nezinye izimbiwa.
Isimbiwa Zinokwahlulwahlulwa zibe ngamaminerali, ngokomzimba nangokombiwa. Kukho ezinye iindidi ze-mineralogy esetyenzisiweyo njengokumisela, ukuchaza i-mineralogy kunye ne-mineralogenesis.
I-Chemistry inoxanduva lokufunda ngeekhemikhali iipropathi zezimbiwa. Kwinxalenye ye-mineralogy ebonakalayo, ijolise kuphononongo lweempawu zoomatshini, zombane, ezibonakalayo kunye nemagnethi yezimbiwa ezahlukeneyo.
Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-mineralogy yazalwa njengesayensi esetyenzisiweyo ngaphakathi kwejoloji. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakuzinikele ngokupheleleyo kwiidipozithi ezaziluncedo emntwini. Ukufundwa koncedo lwento nganye kunye nokukhula kwayo ngokupheleleyo ukusuka kumaxesha okuqala kwenza inkalo echazayo yezimbiwa ezintsha ezafunyanwa into ebalulekileyo. Ngale ndlela imisebenzi yokuqala ejongene nezimbiwa imelwe. Kwangoko nje ngo-Aristotle iNcwadi yamatye yayikho ngo-315 BC. Imithetho yaseRoma de l'Isle kunye neHaüy malunga neempawu zekristalline kuvunyelwe ukuphucula ngokubanzi iindlela zokumiselwa kwemaminerali.
Kwaye kukuba ukumiselwa kweklasikhi bekusekwe kwinkcazo yeempawu ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kwaye zinokujongwa kwezimbiwa. Konke oku kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba akuyomfuneko ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezintsonkothileyo nezinobunkunkqele ukuqaqambisa iimpawu zezimbiwa okanye ikristale ekuthethwa ngayo. Emva kwexesha, kusetyenziswa imicroscope ye-polarization, inkqubela phambili enkulu yavunyelwa kubuchwephesha bokuzimisela kunye nokuzimisela kwekristale.
Ubume kwi-crystallography kunye ne-mineralogy
Isifundo kunye nokuzimisela kobume bemichiza kubalulekile kuzo zonke izifundo ze-crystallography kunye neze-mineralogy. Nangona kunjalo, le mveliso yamachiza iyodwa akwanelanga ukufumanisa zonke izimbiwa kunye neekristali ezikhoyo. Kwaye kukho iindawo ezithile ezinokutshintshana ezinje ngee-micas, iichlorites, iigarnet kunye ne-zeolites kunye nezinye iiminerali ezahlukileyo ezihambelana nemichiza efanayo. Umzekelo, sinedayimane kunye negraphite ezahlukileyo ngeeminerali kodwa zinekhemikhali efanayo. Kukho i-aragonite kunye ne-calcite.
Ukuzalwa kwesayensi ebizwa ngokuba yi-crystallography kuthathwa njengexesha apho uStensen izisa ukungaguquguquki kwee-dihedral angles zobuso beekristali ze-quartz. Ukusuka apho ukufunyanwa okulandelayo kuya kuba ngokubanzi. Kwaye kukho izinto ezininzi ezifunyanisiweyo zezinto kunye namathuba ohlalutyo lweekhemikhali olukhokelele kwiingxabano ezininzi kwilizwe le-crystallography.
I-crystal ayikho into eqinile kwi-crystalline state ukuba phantsi kweemeko ezithile zokubunjwa kubonakala kwimeko ye-polyhedron. Olunye lweempawu eziphambili zekristale kukuba iya kuncitshiswa bubuso bekristale.
Kukho iindidi zeglasi, masibone ukuba ziyintoni:
- Yikristale eyodwa: ichazwa njengekristale enye. Nganye yeekristali zegarnet zenza ikristale enye.
- Crystal aggregate: ichazwa njengeqela leekristali ezincinci ezikhula kunye. Banokubonakala ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
- Isakhiwo seCrystal: Lixesha kunye nolungelelwaniso lokuhlelwa kwemilinganiselo emithathu kwisithuba esenziwe zii-atom zokomelela kwindawo yekristali.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nekristallography kunye noko ikufundayo.