Icandelo lentaba-mlilo

Siyazi ukuba intaba-mlilo inamalungu amaninzi kunoko sikubonayo ngeliso lenyama. Ezo zinokubonwa ngaphandle yicones yentaba-mlilo okanye yonke ikhowuni kwaye sinokubona udaka olutyibilika kuqhushumbo. Nangona kunjalo, zahlukile iinxalenye zentaba-mlilo esingenakubona ngokufutshane ngamacandelo asisiseko salo mhlaba.

Kule nqaku siza kuchaza onke amalungu e-volcano kwaye yintoni imisebenzi yelinye lazo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Okokuqala kukukwazi ezinye zeempawu eziphambili zentaba-mlilo. Zizakhiwo zejoloji ezifihla amanye amalungu kwaye zenziwa ngokuhamba kwexesha. La malungu ayahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi ye-volcano. Akukho mlilo ubonakala ufana nomnye ngokwembonakalo. Nangona kunjalo, intaba-mlilo ayisiyiyo kuphela into esiyibona ngaphandle.

Iintaba-mlilo zihambelana kakhulu nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi lweplanethi yethu. Umhlaba undoqo ophambili Ikwisimo esomeleleyo ngokwemilinganiselo yenyikima ye-1220km radius. Umaleko ongaphandle wenucleus yinxalenye eqinileyo esisiqingatha efikelela kwi-3400km kwiradiyo. Ukusuka apho kuza ngengubo, apho lava ifunyanwa khona. Amacandelo amabini anokuhlukaniswa, ingubo esezantsi, isuka kwi-700km ubunzulu iye kwi-2885km, kwaye ephezulu, isuka kwi-700km ukuya kwi-crust, enobukhulu obuphakathi kwe-50km.

Icandelo lentaba-mlilo

La ngamalungu enza ulwakhiwo lwe-volcano:

Umngxuma

Kukuvula okukulesi siqwenga siphezulu kwaye kulapho kugxothwa khona uthuthu, uthuthu kunye nazo zonke izinto zepyroclastic. Xa sithetha ngezinto ze-pyroclastic esibhekisa kuzo Zonke iziqwenga zelitye elingenantaba, ziikristale zezimbiwa ezahlukeneyonjl. Zininzi iikreraf ezahluka ngokobukhulu nangokwakheka, nangona eyona ixhaphakileyo yeyokuba zijikeleziwe kwaye zibanzi. Kukho ezinye zeentaba-mlilo ezine-crater engaphezulu kwesinye.

Amanye amalungu eentaba-mlilo anoxanduva lokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Kwaye kuxhomekeke koku kuqhuma sinokubona ezinye ngokuqina ngokwaneleyo ezinokudiliza inxenye yolwakhiwo okanye ukuyiguqula.

Caldera

Ngenye yeendawo zentaba-mlilo edla ngokudideka kunye ne-crater. Nangona kunjalo, luxinzelelo olukhulu olwenzekayo xa intaba-mlilo ikhupha phantse zonke izinto ezivela kwigumbi layo le-magma kuqhushumbo. I-caldera idala ukungazinzi ngaphakathi kwe-volcano yobomi engekhoyo kwinkxaso yayo yolwakhiwo. Oku kunqongophala kwesakhiwo ngaphakathi kwintaba-mlilo kubangela ukuwa komhlaba ungene ngaphakathi. Le caldera inkulu kakhulu kune crater. Gcina ukhumbule ukuba ayizizo zonke iintaba-mlilo ezine-caldera.

Ikhoni yenyikima

Kukuqokelelwa kwolava okuqinisa njengoko kupholile. Kananjalo inxenye yekona yentaba-mlilo yiyo yonke ipyroclast engaphandle kwe-volcano eveliswa kukuqhuma okanye kuqhushumbo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Kuxhomekeke kwinani leerhashalala obukhe wanalo ebomini bakho, ikhoni inokwahluka kubukhulu kunye nobukhulu. Ezona cones zixhaphake kakhulu ze-volcanic ezikhoyo zezi ze-slag, spatter kunye ne-tuff.

Icandelo le-volcano: iintanda

Ezi ziqhekeza ezenzeka kwiindawo apho i-magma igxothwe khona. Ziyimingxunya okanye iintanda ezinobume obudibeneyo obunika umoya ngaphakathi kwaye kwenzeka ngaphakathi imimandla apho i-magma kunye neegesi zangaphakathi zigxothelwa ngaphezulu. Ngamanye amaxesha ibangela ukuba ikhutshwe ngombhobho okanye ngetshimini ngokudibeneyo kwaye kwezinye iimeko iyenza ngoxolo ngokuqhekeka okunwenwela kumacala ahlukeneyo kwaye kugubungele iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba.

Iitshimini kunye nedama

Itshimini ngumjelo ohamba ngawo Igumbi le-magma kunye nomngxunya uqhagamshelwe. Yindawo yentaba-mlilo apho udaka lwentaba luqhutyelwa khona ukugxothwa kwayo. Okungakumbi, kwaye iigesi ezikhutshwayo ngexesha lokuqhuma zidlula kule ndawo. Enye yemiba yokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo luxinzelelo. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo kunye nobungakanani bezinto ezinyuka ngetshimini sinokubona ukuba amatye aqwengwe luxinzelelo kwaye ayagxothwa nakwitshimini.

Ngokumalunga nedike, zizinto ezingenamsebenzi okanye ezenza umtsalane ezime okweyhubhu. Zidlula kumaleko asematyeni akufutshane zize zomelele xa amaqondo obushushu esihla. La madama aveliswa xa umagma enyuka esiya esiqhekezweni esitsha okanye esenza iintanda zokulandela indlela yakhe ematyeni. Endleleni inqumla i-sedimentary, metamorphic kunye neplutonic rock.

Icandelo le-volcano: igumbi ledome kunye nemagmatic

Idome ayikho enye into ngaphandle kokuqokelelana okanye induli eveliswe ludaka olubonakalayo kwaye ifumana imilo esetyhula. Olu daka lujiye kangangokuba alukwazanga ukuhamba ukusukela oko umlo wokukhuhlana womelele kakhulu emhlabeni. Xa ukupholisa kuqala, kuyaphela ukuqinisa kwaye ezi zindlu zendalo ziyenziwa. Abanye banokufikelela kubude obahlukeneyo okanye izandiso okanye bakhule kancinci kwiminyaka edlulileyo ngenxa yokuqokelelwa kwelava eninzi. Ihlala ibekwe ngaphakathi kwintaba-mlilo kwaye ayigqithi kumda wecrater. Singazifumana rhoqo kwii-stratovolcanoes.

Ekugqibeleni, enye yezona ndawo zibaluleke kakhulu kwi-volcano yindawo yamagma. Inoxanduva lokuqokelela i-magma evela ngaphakathi kuMhlaba. Ihlala ifumaneka kubunzulu obukhulu kwaye Yidiphozithi egcina ilitye elityhidiweyo elaziwa njengegama lomlingoukuya. Ivela kwisambatho somhlaba. Xa i-volcano iqala ukuqhuma, i-magma iphakama nge-chimney kwaye igxothwe kwi-crater. Iqhutywa ngoxinzelelo kwaye nje ukuba ikhutshwe ibizwa ngokuba yintaba-mlilo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neendawo zentaba-mlilo kunye nemisebenzi yayo ephambili.