iintlobo zeeteleskopu

Utata wenzululwazi yeenkwenkwezi yanamhlanje ngo-1609, ingcali yefiziksi yaseItali uGalileo Galilei, owayenoxanduva lokuqinisekisa ukuba uMhlaba ujikeleza ilanga, wenza into eyatshintsha ngonaphakade imbali yenzululwazi kunye nendlela esiyibona ngayo indalo iphela. Wayila iteleskopu. Ukususela ngoko, eyahlukileyo iintlobo zeeteleskopu njengoko iteknoloji ihambela phambili. Sifumana iiteleskopu ezinokusetyenziswa zizazinzulu kuphela kunye neeteleskopu zabantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeteleskopu ezikhoyo, iimpawu zazo kunye nomsebenzi ngamnye kubo.

Yintoni iiteleskopu

Iteleskopu sisixhobo sokubona esikuvumela ukuba ubone izinto ezikude kunye nendalo yasezulwini ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi kunokuba unokubonwa ngeliso lenyama. Oko kukuthi, sisixhobo esikwaziyo ukubambisa imitha ye-electromagnetic efana nokukhanya.

Ukukwazi kweeteleskopu ukwenza amaza e-electromagnetic, kubandakanywa nalawo e-spectrum ebonakalayo, kusikhokelela ekugxininiseni ukuba nangona ingcamango ngokubanzi yokuba iiteleskopu zandisa ubungakanani bezinto ngothotho lweelensi, asiyonyani.

Ngamanye amazwi, endaweni yokukhulisa umfanekiso ngegilasi yokukhulisa, iteleskopu iqokelela ukukhanya (okanye olunye uhlobo lwemitha ye-electromagnetic radiation) ebonakala kwizinto ezikwindalo iphela esifuna ukuziqwalasela kwaye, emva kokucubungula olu lwazi lukhanyisayo, iphinde ibubuyisele kumandla ombane. umfanekiso. Abawandisi umfanekiso.

iintlobo zeeteleskopu

Kukho malunga ne-80 yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeteleskopu, kodwa umahluko phakathi kwazo zininzi kakhulu kwaye zifanelekile kuphela kwimbono yobugcisa kakhulu. Ke ngoko, siye saqulunqa zonke ezi ntlobo kwaye sahlulahlula ngokweentsapho ezisisiseko ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwemitha yombane yombane abanokuyiphatha kunye noyilo lwabo olusisiseko.

iteleskopu yokubona

Xa sicinga ngeeteleskopu, ngokusisiseko sicinga ngeeteleskopu zamehlo. Bayakwazi ukucubungula inxalenye yemitha ye-electromagnetic ehambelana ne-spectrum ebonakalayo, leyo inobude obuphakathi kwe-780 nm (bomvu) kunye ne-380 nm (i-violet).

Ngamanye amazwi, ziiteleskopu ezibamba ukukhanya kwizinto esifuna ukuzijonga. Ezi zixhobo ziyakwazi ukwandisa ubungakanani obubonakalayo kunye nokuqaqamba kwezinto. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela ababamba ngayo kwaye baqhube ukukhanya, iiteleskopu zamehlo zinokwahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintathu eziphambili: i-refractors, i-reflectors, okanye i-catadioptric mirrors.

iiteleskopu ezihlaziyayo

Iteleskopu ekhanyelayo yiteleskopu yokukhanya esebenzisa iilensi ukwenza imifanekiso. Zikwabizwa ngokuba zii- diopters, zezo ezazisetyenziswa phambi kokwaziswa kobugcisa obuphucukileyo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kwaye zisasetyenziswa zizazi ngeenkwenkwezi ezifunda ngeenkwenkwezi.

Lolona hlobo lwaziwayo lweteleskopu. Iqukethe isethi yeelensi ezibamba ukukhanya kwaye zigxininise kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yindawo ekugxilwe kuyo, apho i-eyepiece ikhona. Imitha yokukhanya iyaphinda iphinde (itshintshe indlela kunye nesantya) njengoko idlula kule nkqubo yelensi yokuguqula, ibangele imitha ehambelanayo esuka kwizinto ezikude ihlangane iye kwindawo ekugxilwe kuyo. Ikuvumela ukuba ubone izinto ezinkulu, ezikhanyayo kunye nezikude, kodwa zilinganiselwe kakhulu kwinqanaba lobugcisa.

Ukubonakalisa iteleskopu

Iteleskopu ebonakalisa ukukhanya yiteleskopu esebenzisa izipili endaweni yeelensi ukwenza umfanekiso. Ekuqaleni yayiyilwe nguIsaac Newton ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Zikwabizwa ngokuba zii-reflectors, zixhaphake ngakumbi kwi-astronomy yabafundi, nangona iindawo zokuphonononga zobuchwephesha zisebenzisa uhlobo olubizwa ngokuba yiCassegrain olusekwe kumgaqo ofanayo kodwa onoyilo oluntsonkothileyo.

Nangona kunjalo,, kubalulekile ukuba zenziwe ngezibuko ezimbini. Enye isekupheleni kombhobho kwaye yiyo ebonisa ukukhanya, ukuyithumela kwisibuko esibizwa ngokuba sisibuko sesibini, esibuyisela ukukhanya kwi-eyepiece. Isombulula eminye imiba ngezichasi, njengokunganxitywanga iilensi kusombulula ezinye ii-chromatic aberrations (hayi ukukhanya okugqwesileyo okuninzi) kwaye ikuvumela ukuba ubone izinto ezikude, nangona zikumgangatho ophantsi wokukhanya kunezo refractor. Ngaloo ndlela, ziluncedo ekujongeni izinto ezikude ezikude, njengeminyele okanye i-nebulae enzulu.

iteleskopu yecatadioptric

Iteleskopu yecatadioptric yiteleskopu yokukhanya esebenzisa iilensi kunye nezipili ukwenza umfanekiso. Zininzi iindidi zolu hlobo lweteleskopu, kodwa eyona idumileyo yile besiyikhankanye ngaphambili: iteleskopu yeCassegrain. Zenzelwe ukusombulula iingxaki ezivezwa zii-refractors kunye nezibonisi.

Zinomgangatho olungileyo we-optical (hayi phezulu njenge-refractors), kodwa abayi kukuvumela ukuba ubone izinto ezikude, ezimnyama njengezibonisi. Olu hlobo lweteleskopu lunezibuko ezithathu. Kukho isipili esiphambili esibekwe kwindawo engasemva, esinemilo econcave ukujolisa konke ukukhanya esikuqokelela kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yi-spotlight. Emva koko isipili seconvex sesibini esingaphambili sibonisa umfanekiso ubuyela kwisipili sokuqala, esibonakalisa umfanekiso kwisipili sesithathu esele sithumela ukukhanya koko kujoliswe kuko.

iteleskopu yerediyo

Sawutshintsha ngokupheleleyo umhlaba saza saqhubeka sijonga iiteleskopu, ezithi, ngoxa zizitheleskopu, ngokuqinisekileyo azihambelani nemifanekiso yeteleskopu esinayo. Iiteleskopu zikanomathotholo zine-eriyali ebamba imitha ye-electromagnetic ehambelana namaza erediyo, ezinobude obuphakathi kwe-100 microns kunye ne-100 yeekhilomitha. Endaweni yokubamba ukukhanya, ibamba amaza kanomathotholo akhutshwa zizinto ezisesibhakabhakeni.

iteleskopu ye-infrared

Iiteleskopu ze-infrared zibandakanya isixhobo esikwaziyo ukubamba imitha ye-electromagnetic ehambelana nemitha ye-infrared, amaza abo anobude obuphakathi kwe-15.000 nm kunye ne-760-780 nm, ngaloo ndlela inciphisa indawo ebomvu ye-spectrum ebonakalayo engabambi ukukhanya kodwa imitha ye-infrared. Ezi azipheli kuphela ukuphazamiseka kwi-atmosfera yomhlaba, kodwa zisinika ulwazi olunomdla kakhulu malunga "nentliziyo" ye-galaxy.

iteleskopu ye-x-reyi

Iteleskopu yeX-ray sisixhobo esinokujonga izinto zasezulwini ezikhupha imitha ye-electromagnetic kwi-X-ray spectrum, ngobude obuphakathi kwe-0,01 nm kunye ne-10 nm. Zisivumela ukuba sibone izinto ezingakhuphi kukhanya, kodwa endaweni yoko siqhele ukukubiza ngokuba yimitha, njengemingxuma emnyama. Ekubeni iatmosfera yoMhlaba ingazivumeli ezi X-reyi zisuka emajukujukwini ukuba zingene, ezi teleskopu kufuneka zixhonywe kwiisathelayithi.

iteleskopu ye-ultraviolet

Iteleskopu ye-ultraviolet, isixhobo esisivumela ukuba sibone izinto zasezulwini, sikhupha imitha ye-electromagnetic kwi-ultraviolet spectrum, kunye nobude obuphakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-320 nanometers, ngoko ke yimitha yemitha ekufutshane nee<em>X-reyi.” Ngamanye amazwi, ezi teleskopu zinikela inkcazelo exabiseke gqitha ngendaleko yeminyele nee<em>white dwarfs.

Iteleskopu yaseCherenkov

Iteleskopu yaseCherenkov sisixhobo esibona imitha ye-gamma evela kwizinto ezinamandla ezifana ne-supernovae okanye i-galactic nuclei esebenzayo kakhulu. Imitha yeGamma inobude obungaphantsi kwepicometer enye. Sithetha nje kukho iiteleskopu ezine ezinjalo ehlabathini yaye zinika inkcazelo ebaluleke gqitha ngemithombo yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi yale mitha ye<em>gamma.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo zeeteleskopu ezikhoyo kunye neempawu zazo.