Iindidi zamacwecwe e-lithospheric

emphethweni iipleyiti

I-lithosphere yenziwe ngengubo ephezulu kunye ne-oceanic okanye i-continental crust, ngoko ke kufuneka sahlule phakathi kwe-oceanic lithosphere kunye ne-continental lithosphere. I-lithosphere iyahlukana ibe yahlukeneyo iintlobo zamacwecwe e-lithospheric ziqinile kwaye zizinzile, ezikummandla wesantya esisezantsi samaza enyikima (ngaphambili i-asthenosphere) kwaye zinendlela yokuziphatha yeplastiki ethanda ukuhamba kwazo okubangelwa yi-convection.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga neentlobo eziphambili zeeplati ze-lithospheric ezikhoyo kunye neziphi iimpawu zazo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

iintlobo zamacwecwe e-lithospheric emhlabeni

Amacwecwe e-tectonic amacandelo ahlukeneyo aqinile kunye ne-homogeneous apho i-lithosphere, i-crust yangaphandle, inokwahlulwa, exhonywe kwi-mantle ephezulu yomhlaba (okanye i-asthenosphere), kwaye i-semi-liquids ibavumela ukuba bahambe okanye bahambe.

Ukuhamba kwezi cwecwe ze-lithospheric kulandela inkcazo ye-plate tectonics, ithiyori yesayensi eyaqala phakathi kweXNUMXth inkulungwane kunye. iyakwazi ukuchaza iziganeko ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba kunye ne-topographical ezifana nokusekwa kweentaba, iinyikima kunye neentaba-mlilo.

Ngokwale thiyori, iipleyiti zetectonic ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo zihamba njengezihlenga kwi-mantle, zikhuhlana, zingqubane kwaye zityhalane, kwindawo yoxinzelelo lwejoloji.

Obona bungqina bubalaseleyo koku bubonakala bobokuba imilo yangoku yamazwekazi isivumela ukuba sicinge ukuba adityaniswa njengamaqhekeza ephazili kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuze enze i-supercontinent enye ebizwa ngokuba yiPangea. Intshukumo eqhubekayo yetectonic yahlula amazwekazi kulwabiwo lwawo lwangoku.

Ubume kunye nomsebenzi weepleyiti zetectonic

iintlobo zamacwecwe e-lithospheric

Ilizwekazi linokuba yinxalenye ebonakalayo yepleyiti enye okanye ezininzi zetectonic. Iipleyiti zeTectonic ziqinile, ikhonkrithi, kwaye ziqinile, kodwa ziza ngeemilo ezahlukeneyo, izitenxo kunye nobukhulu. Azihambelani nokumila kwamazwekazi esimele kwimephu, kuba ilizwekazi elinye linokuba yinxalenye ebonakalayo kuphela (engagqunywanga ngamanzi) enye okanye iipleyiti zetectonic ezininzi ezikufutshane.

Zininzi iipleyiti zetectonic ezaziwayo, apho kukho malunga ne-15 yeepleyiti ezinkulu (ezinkulu) kunye namacwecwe amancinci angama-42. Iinkqubo ezinzulu kuMhlaba zisisiphumo se-plate tectonic dynamics. Kuba intliziyo yeplanethi yethu ilulwelo kwaye yenziwe ngeentsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezityhidiweyo, iipleyiti zetectonic zenza iileya zangaphandle kunye nezibandayo zeplanethi kwaye, ngoko, zomelele. Xa kuqhuma i<em>magma engaphantsi komhlaba (njengentaba-mlilo), imichiza emitsha iphoswa phezulu.

Iindidi eziphambili zeetectonic plates

I-Plate yaseMntla Melika ibekwe malunga nelizwekazi laseMntla Melika. Kukho iipleyiti zetectonic eziphambili ezilishumi elinesihlanu:

  • Ipleyiti yaseAfrika. Isasazwe kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseAfrika.
  • Ipleyiti yeAntarctic. Ifumaneka kwilizwekazi le-Antarctic kwaye ijikeleze i-Antarctica.
  • Ipleyiti yaseArabia. Ifumaneka kuMbindi Mpuma.
  • Ipleyiti yekhokhonathi. Ifumaneka kunxweme lwePasifiki kuMbindi Merika.
  • Ipleyiti yeNazca. Ifumaneka kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, kumda wamanxweme asePeru, eChile nase-Ecuador.
  • Isitya seCaribbean. Kuyo yonke iCaribbean, kumantla oMzantsi Merika.
  • Isitya sePasifiki. Ifumaneka kumbindi woLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, imida yeNazca, iJuan de Fuca, iCocos, i-Indo-Australian, iPhilippine, kunye neepleyiti zaseMntla Melika.
  • Ipleyiti ye-Eurasian. Isasazwe kulo lonke ilizwekazi laseYurophu nakuninzi lweAsia.
  • Ipleyiti yePhilippines. Ummandla woMzantsi-mpuma weAsia okwiiPhilippine Islands.
  • Ipleyiti yaseNdiya. eIndiya nakumazwe angabamelwane.
  • Iipleyiti zase-Australia okanye zase-Indo-Australian. Ifumaneka kuninzi lweOceania nakumanzi akufuphi nayo.
  • Icwecwe likaJuan de Fuca. Ifumaneka kunxweme olusentshona eUnited States.
  • Ipleyiti yaseMntla Melika. Ifumaneka kuMntla Merika, eGreenland, eIceland, nakwiindawo ezikwimpuma yeRashiya.
  • ipleyiti Scotia. Ikummandla osemazantsi welizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika kwaye imida yePole yoMzantsi.
  • Ipleyiti yaseMzantsi Melika. Iquka ilizwekazi laseMzantsi Melika kunye nenxalenye yommandla walo okufuphi noLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.

Iindidi zetectonic plates kunye neempawu zazo

inkqubo yokuthoba

Amacwecwe adibeneyo adibanisa i-oceanic kunye ne-continental crust. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeetectonic plates, kuxhomekeke kwi-crust yazo:

  • iipleyiti zolwandle. Ezi phantse zigutyungelwe ngokupheleleyo ngamanzi olwandle (ngaphandle kwesiqithi esathi savela ekugqibeleni, i-volcanic mansion ngaphakathi kwepleyiti), kwaye ukubunjwa kwazo kuninzi yintsimbi: isinyithi kunye ne-magnesium.
  • Iipleyiti ezixutyiweyo: Ezi zidibanisa i-oceanic kunye ne-continental crust, ngoko ukubunjwa kwazo kuhluke kakhulu.

Imida phakathi kwepleyiti enye yetectonic kunye nenye ibonakala ngeendlela ezintathu ezinokwenzeka:

  • imida eyahlukileyo. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwe-magma engaphantsi komhlaba eyavelayo, iipleyiti zahamba kude enye kwenye, zenza iindawo ezintsha ze-crust njengoko zipholile.
  • Imida yokuguqula. Iipleyiti zeTectonic ezikufutshane nendawo yongquzulwano zinokudala iindawo zokuthotywa, apho ipleyiti enye ingena kwingubo engaphantsi kwenye, okanye ishwabene uqweqwe, idala iintaba kunye neentaba.
  • umda wokungqubana. Kolu luhlu, i-crust ayidalwanga kwaye ayitshabalaliswanga, kodwa igcina intshukumo efanayo, idala ukungqubana okuninzi, yiyo loo nto iyindawo eqhelekileyo ye-seismic.

iingozi zetectonic

I-orogeny kukubunjwa kweentaba okanye iintaba. Iintlobo ezintathu zeempawu kukholelwa ukuba ziziphumo ze-tectonic dynamics:

  • Umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Ukuvela kwentaba-mlilo yelizwekazi okanye kwinkwili, apho i-magma exubenayo ikhutshwa kumhlaba ongaphantsi, othi, xa uphola, udale uqweqwe olutsha.
  • Orogenesis. Ukubunjwa komqolo. Oku kunokwenzeka xa iipleyiti zingqubana kwaye zishwabana naxa zithoba. Kwimeko yokuqala kukho umsebenzi omncinci wentaba-mlilo kunye nenyikima eyomeleleyo, kwelinye icala kukho inyikima encinci kunye nomsebenzi omninzi wentaba-mlilo.
  • Umsebenzi wenyikima. Iinyikima kunye nokungcangcazela kwenzeka ngenxa yengxabano phakathi kweetectonic plates.

Umhlaba kuphela kweplanethi kwisixokelelwano selanga ebonisa ubungqina bomsebenzi we-tectonic njengoko siyazi. Nangona ezinye iinyanga zeMars, iVenus kunye neSaturn zibonisa iimpawu zoku kwenzeka ngexesha elithile.

Imisinga yeConvection yileyo iqukuqela izinto ezisuka kumhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba, zityhala izinto ezishushu nezingaphantsi (ngenxa yobushushu obuphezulu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni). ukutshona nzulu kwisambatho; ukujikeleza kudala uxinzelelo oluhambisa amacwecwe kunye. Le yinjini yeepleyiti ze-lithospheric.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamacwecwe e-lithospheric kunye neempawu zabo.


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