Iintaba-mlilo ziyakwazi ukukhupha amandla amakhulu kwaye utshabalalise yonke into emngqongileyo. Bangunobangela wokusekwa kweziqithi kunye nomhlaba. Umsebenzi wayo awusoloko uhlala uhleli, kodwa xa intaba-mlilo isebenza inokubonisa ingxaki kunye nomngcipheko wokusingqongileyo.
Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi yonke into malunga neentaba-mlilo?
Iindidi zokuqhuma
Iindidi zogqabhuko-dubulo zinokuxhomekeka kubume kunye nobungakanani bevolcano, kunye ne umlinganiso weegesi, ulwelo (lava), kunye nezinto eziqinileyo eziza kuvela. Ezi ziindidi zokuqhuma okukhoyo kunye neempawu zazo:
Ukuqhuma kweHawaii
Zizimpawu zemagmas ezinamanzi ezisisiseko zokwakheka (ikakhulu zisisiseko), eziqhelekileyo kwezinye iziqithi zolwandle ezifana sisiqithi saseHawaii, Livelaphi igama lakho.
Zizidubulo ezithi zikhuphe ulwelo olunamanzi kakhulu kunye negesi engekho mgangathweni, ke ngoko, aziqhushumbisi kakhulu. Isakhiwo sentaba-mlilo sihlala sinamathambeka athambileyo kwaye simile okwekhaka. Amanqanaba okunyuka kwe-magma ayakhawuleza kwaye i-runoffs ivela ngokukhawuleza.
Ingozi yolu hlobo lwe-rash kukuba luhlamba Bayakwazi ukuhamba imigama yeekhilomitha ezininzi kwaye zivelisa imililo kunye nokutshabalalisa iziseko ezidibana nayo.
Ukuqhuma kweStrombolian
IMagma, edla ngokuba yi-basaltic kunye ne-fluid, iphakama ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye ixutywe kunye neebhabhu ezinkulu zegesi eziphakama ukuya kwiimitha ezili-10 ukuphakama. Bayakwazi ukuvelisa uqhushumbo lwamaxesha ngamaxesha.
Azihlali zivelisa iikholamu ezihambisayo kunye nee-pyroclast, ezichaza ii-trajector ze-ballistic, ezisasazwa kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa ezijikeleze umzila. Abaqheleki ukuba nobundlobongela ngenxa yoko ingozi yabo iphantsi kwaye bayakwazi ukuvelisa ii-lava cones. Olu dubulo lufumaneka kwiintaba-mlilo kwisiqithi i-Aeolian (e-Itali) naseVestmannaeyjar (e-Iceland).
Ukuqhuma kweVulcan
Olu luqhushumbo oluphakathi oludalwe kukufumanisa imijelo yentaba-mlilo ethintelwe ludaka. Ukuqhuma kwenzeka ngamzuzu ambalwa ukuya kwiiyure. Ziqhelekile kwiintaba-mlilo ezikhupha umagmas wobume obuphakathi.
Iikholamu azidluli kwi-10 km ukuphakama. Ngokuqhelekileyo ziqhuma ezinobungozi obuphantsi.
Ukuqhuma kukaPlinian
Ukuqhuma kutyebile kwiigesi, ezithi xa zichithwe kwimagma, zibangele ukwahlukana kwazo kube ziipiroclast (ipumice kunye nothu). Lo mxube weemveliso uvela ngemilomo ngesantya esiphezulu sokunyuka.
Oku kuqhuma kukhutshwa ngokuzinzileyo, kokubini ngokomthamo nakwisantya. Babandakanya i-viscosity ephezulu ye-siliceous magmas. Umzekelo Ukuqhuma kweVesuvius okwenzeka ngo-79 BC. C.
Banikezela umngcipheko omkhulu, kuba iikholamu eziphumayo zimile okwekhowa kwaye zifikelela kubude obuninzi (zide zifike kwi-stratosphere) kwaye zibangele imvula ebalulekileyo yothuthu echaphazela indawo ephezulu kakhulu yezenzo (amawaka aliwaka eekhilomitha).
Ukuqhuma kweSurtseyan
Zizidubulo eziqhumayo apho umagma unxibelelana nesixa esikhulu samanzi olwandle. Olu gqabhuko-dubulo lubangela ukuba kubekho iziqithi ezitsha ezifana nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo iSytsey, emazantsi e-Iceland, qeyazala isiqithi esitsha ngo-1963.
Umsebenzi wale mibhobho ubonakaliswa ngokuqhuma ngokuthe ngqo apho amafu amakhulu amhlophe omphunga aveliswa axutywe namafu amnyama e-basaltic pyroclasts.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Hydrovolcanic
Ukongeza kuqhushumbo esele lubizwa ngokuba yiVulcanian kunye nePlinian, apho ungenelelo lwamanzi lubonakala ngathi lukhona, kukho ezinye izinto ezizodwa (oko kukuthi, banegalelo elincinci lezinto ezingenanto) ezibangelwa kukunyuka kwemagma.
Zizidubulo zomphunga eveliswe elityeni ngaphezulu komthombo wobushushu wemagnethi obangela iziphumo ezonakalisayo ezivela kukungcoliseka kwendalo kunye nomsinga wamanzi abalekayo.
Isebenza njani intaba-mlilo?
Sithethile malunga neentlobo zokuqhuma okukhoyo, kodwa asazi ukuba isebenza njani intaba-mlilo. Ukuyiqonda ngendlela elula, iya kuchazwa ngomzekelo olula.
Kwindawo yokupheka uxinzelelo ebilisa amanzi, umphunga ucinezela iindonga zangaphakathi ngokwanda kwevolumu. Njengokuba ubushushu ngaphakathi embizeni busenyuka, ivolumu yomphunga ithatha indawo enkulu kwaye yenza uxinzelelo ngakumbi, kude kufike ixesha apho ikhutshwa ngevalve kwaye umphunga uphuma embizeni ubangela umlo omkhulu.
Into eyenzekayo kwiintaba-mlilo yinto efanayo. Ubushushu buyanda ngaphakathi, kude kube kugxothwe izinto ezingaphakathi kunye nomphunga wamanzi ngaphandle. Kushushu ngaphakathi, kokukhona olu dubulo luya kubakho.
Iintaba-mlilo zihamba ngezigaba ezithathu:
- Isigaba sokuqhuma. Ubunzima obushushu besixhobo se-pyroclastic sicinezela ngaphandle. Njengokuba iintanda zifumaneka emhlabeni, uzaphula ngamandla kwaye uqhushumbo lweegesi kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo zinokwenzeka. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ziibhloko eziqinileyo zemagma, uthuthu okanye iziqwenga. Ngamaxesha amaninzi, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lukhatshwa yinto ethile yenyikima.
- Isigaba sokuqhuma. Amatye onyibilikileyo aphuma emazantsi entaba-mlilo. I-Lava ihlala kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi kwe-1000 kunye ne-1100 degrees. Emva koko iyaphola ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye iqine ide ifumane ukubonakala kwamatye.
- Isigaba sokuphucula. Nje ukuba zonke izinto eziqinileyo ziphelile, umphunga kunye negesi ziyakhutshwa.
Icandelo lentaba-mlilo
Iintaba-mlilo zinamacandelo amathathu aphambili:
- Igumbi Magmatic. Ifumaneka nzulu emazantsi omhlaba kwaye kulapho udaka luqokelela khona.
- Indawo yomlilo. Ngumjelo apho udaka kunye neegesi zikhutshwa khona.
- Umngxuma. Luvulo kwinxalenye ephezulu yetshimini emile okwefaneli.
Umsebenzi weentaba-mlilo kunzima kakhulu ukuwuqikelela kuba ziyahluka kwaye zixhomekeke kwizinto ezininzi ezinzima ukulinganisa. Ngokwesiqhelo batshintsha amaxesha apho bengasebenzi khona kwaye ngamanye amaxesha bahlala benomsebenzi ophakathi. Eyona mibi yeyabo bahlala bengenzi nto kangangeenkulungwane ze emva koko kuqhume intlekele.
Ukutyhubela imbali siyabona ukuba zitshatyalalisiwe njani izixeko ezininzi ngenxa yentaba-mlilo, yabona IPompeii neHerculaneum kwiRoma yamandulo.
Ngolu lwazi uya kuba nakho ukufunda ngakumbi ngeentaba-mlilo kunye neempawu zazo.