Kwindalo iphela sifumana kwizinto ezininzi ekunzima ukuba siziqonde zombini iimpawu kunye nemvelaphi yazo. Enye yazo yi inkwenkwezi ye-neutron. Yinto yasezulwini enobunzima ezilikhulu lezigidi zeetoni. Inobunzima obungaqondakaliyo bee-neutron kunye nombala ongaqhelekanga. Ukuba nobuninzi, kunamandla amakhulu omxhuzulane macala onke. Ezi nkwenkwezi zibalaseleyo ngokungaqhelekanga kwaye kufanelekile ukuba zifundwe.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ukusebenza kunye nemvelaphi yeenkwenkwezi ze-neutron.
Ziziphi iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron
Nayiphi na inkwenkwezi enkulu ngokwaneleyo inokuba yinkwenkwezi ye-neutron. Oku kuyenza Inkqubo yokuguqula ibe yinkwenkwezi ye-neutron ayiqhelekanga. Zizezona zinto zixineneyo ezaziwayo kwindalo iphela. Xa inkwenkwezi iphela iyigqiba yonke inyukliya, isiseko sayo siqala ukungazinzi. Kulapho ubunzima bomhlaba omninzi kangaka butshabalalisa zonke iiathom ezizijikelezileyo ngenkani.
Kuba akusekho mafutha okuvelisa i-fusion yenyukliya, akukho mandla okulwa namandla omxhuzulane. Le yindlela i-nucleus eya isiba ngokuxineneyo ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba ii-elektroni kunye neeproton zidityaniswe kwii-neutron. Unokucinga ukuba, kwezi meko, amandla omxhuzulane angaqhubeka nokwenza intengiso infinitum. Ukuba kukho naluphi na uhlobo lwamandla okubamba umva, into iya isiba ngokuxineneyo kwaye umxhuzulane awunakuphela. Nangona kunjalo, uxinzelelo lokonakala lubangelwa bubungakanani be-amasuntswana kwaye ivumela le nkwenkwezi inyinyithekileyo ukuba yenze ngaphandle kokuziwela ngokwayo.
Endaweni yokuwa, iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron ziba shushu kakhulu ukuze iiproton kunye nee-elektronon zidibane kunye kwaye zenze i-neutron. Ngokuba nengundoqo yenkwenkwezi iqondo lobushushu le-10 lenyuswe laya kwi-9 degrees Kelvin uvelisa ukudityaniswa kweefoto kwezinto eziyilungisileyo. Unokuthi yonke le ngxwabangxwaba yenyukliya eyenzeka ekwakhekeni kweenkwenkwezi ze-neutron inzima ngakumbi kwaye inobundlobongela kunenkwenkwezi yesiqhelo. Kwaye kukuba inamandla amaninzi eveliswe ngendlela yokujikeleza de ifikelele kubuninzi bokuxinana.
Inkwenkwezi yeenkwenkwezi ze-neutron
Ukuba isiseko seenkwenkwezi ye-neutron sinobunzima obukhulu kakhulu, kusenokwenzeka ukuba inokuwa kwaye yenze umngxunya omnyama. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwenzululwazi lucinga ukuba imvelaphi yomngxunya omnyama ivela apha. Xa kufikelelwe kuxinzelelo olwaneleyo lokumisa ukucutha, inkwenkwezi ilahlekelwa ngamanqanaba ayo aphezulu kwaye iye kwi-supernova enobundlobongela. Inkqubo iyaqhubeka kodwa inkwenkwezi iyaphola kancinci. Oku kungenxa yokuchithwa kweefoto. Xa kufikelelwa kwizigaba zokugqibela, phantse wonke umcimbi owawukho kwinkwenkwezi sele uguqulwe waba zi-neutron.
Ukuba isiseko seenkwenkwezi sinobunzima obukhulu kakhulu, umngxunya omnyama unokwenza. Kwimeko yeenkwenkwezi, le nkqubo iyema msinyane okoko uxinzelelo olonakeleyo lugcina amasuntswana esondele kakhulu kodwa ngaphandle kokuphulukana nendalo. Ngale ndlela, iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron zezona ziphawula umda wezona zinto zixineneyo ezikhoyo kwindalo iphela.
Ayizizo nje ezona zinto zixineneyo, kodwa zikwayenye yezinto eziqaqambileyo kwindalo iphela. Kunokuthiwa inokukhanya okukhethekileyo njengaleyo ye-pulsars. Xa iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron zijikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu, zikhupha imitha yamandla amakhulu. Ekuqwalaseleni, Le misebe itolikwa ngokungathi yindlu yesibane esisezibukweni. Zonke ezi zinto zikhutshwa ngamandla zenziwa ngamanqwanqwa kwaye ziyafana nezo zepulsars. Ezi nkwenkwezi ziyakwazi ukujikeleza amatyeli aliqela ngomzuzwana. Benza njalo ngesantya esiphezulu kangangokuba i-ikhweyitha yaloo nkwenkwezi ikhubazekileyo ize yolulwe ngexesha lokujikeleza. Ukuba bekungekho ngenxa yomxhuzulane omkhulu, iinkwenkwezi ziya kuphazamiseka ngenxa yamandla e-centrifugal avela kwi-spin.
Yintoni ejikeleze
Sele sizazi iinkwenkwezi ze-neutron nokuba zisebenza njani. Ngoku kufuneka sazi ukuba yintoni ebangqongileyo. Ngokujikeleze kubo ubunzima bomxhuzulane obangelwa kukungalunganga kukhulu kangangokuba ixesha lihamba ngesantya esahlukileyo. Esi santya sexesha sijongeka ngokwahlukileyo kwabo basentsimini yayo. Imalunga ne ukubonakaliswa kwendalo yexesha lendawo elijikeleze thina.
Ngenxa yesi sixa somxhuzulane, izinto ezininzi zezulu ezijikelezileyo ziyatsalwa kwaye zibe yinxalenye yenkwenkwezi.
Curiosities
Makhe sibone ezinye zezinto ezikhoyo malunga nolu hlobo lweenkwenkwezi ezinkulu:
- Inkwenkwezi ye-neutron yenziwa ngu Ukuphela kwamafutha enkwenkwezi enkulu.
- Isiqwenga seenkwenkwezi se-neutron esilingana netyhubhu yeswekile siqulathe ubunzima obulinganayo nobonke abantu ngexesha elinye.
- Ukuba ilanga lethu linokutyunyuza liye kubuninzi obulinganayo nobenkwenkwezi ye-neutron, belinokuhlala kumthamo ofanayo no-Everest.
- Isixa esikhulu somxhuzulane kule ndawo sibangela ukwanda okwethutyana okwenza umphezulu inkwenkwezi ye-neutron idlula kancinci ngama-30% kunasemhlabeni.
- Ukuba umntu uthe wawa phezu kweentlobo zeenkwenkwezi, iya kuvelisa amandla angama-200 e-megaton.
- Iinkwenkwezi zeNeutron ezijikeleza ngesantya esiphezulu zikhupha iiradio kwaye ke zibizwa ngokuba ziipulsars.
- Ukuba ilanga lethu liye kwelinye ipetroli ngokupheleleyo okanye amandla aqhushumbo e-fusion yenyukliya, umtsalane womxhuzulane ubuya kuba yinto leyo eya kuthi ekugqibeleni iphele phantsi komxhuzulane wayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neenkwenkwezi ze-neutron, iimpawu zazo kunye nendlela abasebenza ngayo.