Njengoko sisazi, imozulu iyakwazi ukudala iindawo ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo apho ubomi buguquka ngokuqhubekayo. Umzekelo, sifumana iindawo ezifudumeleyo, ezibandayo nezinemozulu epholileyo ezinohlaza kunye nezilwanyana ezilungelelaniswe kuzo kunye ne-ikhosistim eqhelekileyo yalo mmandla. Oku kwaziwa ngegama lika iindawo ze-bioclimatic. Intshukumo yemozulu kwingingqi ethile ibalulekile kuphuhliso kunye nenguquko yobomi kunye nembonakalo-mhlaba.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele yonke into oyifunayo malunga neendawo ze-bioclimatic kunye neempawu zazo.
Impembelelo yemozulu kwiindawo ze-bioclimatic
Iyantlukwano yemo engqongileyo yejografi imiselwa liqela lemiba enje i-topography, amanzi, umhlaba kunye nezityalo. Kwesi sihloko siza kuhlalutya le nzala ngokusekelwe kwinto esiyiqwalasela eyona nto ibalulekileyo: imozulu.
Uphononongo lwemozulu luveza iyantlukwano ekhoyo yengingqi enxulumene nobushushu, imvula, iiyure zelanga, inkungu, iqabaka, nokunye. Konke oku kungenxa yoluhlu lwezinto kunye nezinto esiza kuzihlalutya ngezantsi, kodwa kuqala kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ukuba sithetha ukuthini ngemozulu kunye nemozulu.
Imozulu yimeko yomoya ojikeleze umhlaba ngexesha kunye nendawo ethile. Imozulu iya kuba lulandelelwano lwamaxesha lweentlobo zemozulu. Ukuze siqonde imozulu yommandla othile, kufuneka ubuncinane iminyaka engama-30 yolwazi.
iindawo ze-bioclimatic
ummandla we-intertropical
Igubungela zonke imozulu ephakathi kwemimandla emibini yetropikhi. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zezi:
- Ubushushu obuphezulu unyaka wonke (ngaphezulu kwe-16ºC).
- Imvula yonyaka ingaphezu kwama-750 mm. Ibangelwe sisindululo se-convective, uMmandla wokuGuqulela weTropiki, kunye noMsinga weJet waseMpuma.
- Ukukhula ngamandla kwezityalo. Nangona ukuhanjiswa kwayo kunye nokubonakala kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamahlathi zihambelana nobuninzi bemvula kunye nokusabalalisa kwayo ngonyaka.
i-ikhweyitha efumileyo
Ifumaneka eGuinea Afrika, eCongo, eIndochina, eIndonesia naseAmazon. Ubushushu bonyaka obuphakathi bumalunga ne-22º-26ºC, kunye ne-thermal amplitude encinci. Imvula yonyaka yi-1500-2000 mm. Ngonyaka, akukho xesha lonyaka lembalela, ukufuma okuphezulu (85%). Imilambo inamandla kwaye ihlala rhoqo.
Uhlaza olumeleyo luyihlathi: i-dense, i-closed formations, ityebile kwizityalo, ingenakungena kwi-legumes kunye ne-orchids. Imithi mide kakhulu kwaye izithsaba zabo zenza i-canopy eqhubekayo; amaxolo awo agudileyo kwaye isibini kwisithathu esisezantsi sesiqu asinamasebe; amagqabi abanzi kwaye aluhlaza. I-Liana kunye ne-epiphytes (izityalo ezikhula kumasebe kunye nezihlahla) nazo ziqhelekileyo.
Umhlaba awunayo i-humus kwaye une-lateral crust ngenxa yokucoca ngokugqithisileyo (i-leaching) ngamanzi emvula.
kwaye lifumile
Kwenzeka kwimida yebhanti ye-equatorial kunye namazwekazi asentshona, iCaribbean kunye noMbindi Melika.
Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu unyaka wonke, kodwa ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu kunyuka. Ngokuphathelele imvula, ziphakathi kwe-700 kunye ne-1500 mm.
Uhlaza luziqhelanisa nembalela ngokwenza lukhuni izikhondo kunye namagqabi kunye nokunciphisa ubukhulu bazo. Ukubunjwa kwezityalo eziphambili yi-savannah, ebonakaliswe ngamanani amaninzi amaqabunga amade (ingca) kunye nezihlahla ezincinci kunye nemithi ethile ye-sporadic. Sinokwahlula iindidi ezininzi:
- isavannah eyenziwe ngamaplanga yenziwe yimithi enezithuba kunye namazantsi ashinyeneyo akhiwe ngamayeza. E-Afrika, i-acacias kunye ne-baobab enomphezulu osicaba ziqhelekileyo.
- iisavanna ezinengca ephezulu eyayanyaniswa nemo engqongileyo ethe qelele yemozulu yetropikhi.
- EMzantsi Merika, imozulu yetropiki idityaniswa nento ebizwa ngokuba yi-tropical amasimi avaliweyo.
- EOstreliya sifumana iisavanna zemithi enamagqabi anzima njengeeucalyptus.
Monsoon
Ikwabizwa ngokuba yimozulu efumileyo yetropikhi; zisasazwa kuMzantsi-mpuma Asia (India, Indochina, Indonesia) naseMadagascar. Amaqondo obushushu aphezulu unyaka wonke. Ngokuphathelele imvula, kukho iinyanga ezisixhenxe okanye ezisibhozo zexesha lemvula nexesha elomileyo. Imvula inamandla kwaye ibangelwa yimvula. Ebusika, imimoya yorhwebo ivuthuza isuka kumbindi welizwe (ixesha lokungafumani mvula), kodwa ehlotyeni, imimoya yorhwebo eshushu, nefumileyo evela kumzantsi weikhweyitha inqumla i-ikhweyitha ize ikhukuliseke emzantsi-ntshona, izisa imvula enkulu xa ifika kwilizwekazi.
Ihlathi leemonsoon libonisa ipateni evuleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili, ngoko kukho uphuhliso olukhulu lwezityalo ezikhula ngaphantsi komhlaba. Imithi ikwi-12 ukuya kwi-35 yeemitha ukuphakama, eyona imele i-teak kunye ne-bamboo. IiLiana kunye neepiphytes nazo zavela.
Imimandla yeBioclimatic yemimandla eyinkqantosi
Ngokuphathelele indawo yayo, siyahlula:
- Indawo esisigxina ye-anticyclonic echaphazela unxweme olusentshona yelizwekazi: intlango yase-Australia yaseSahara. Iindawo ezitshisayo ziyavelisa ubunzima bomoya otshonayo othe rhoqo owomileyo oshushu kakhulu xa ufika kumphezulu welanga elinamandla.
- Embindini welizwekazi, ekubeni isiqhwithi sifika sibuthathaka kakhulu: I-Central Russia kunye ne-American Midwest.
- Kukho imiqobo yeentaba ethintela ukuhamba kwezaqhwithi kwi-lee: iMongolia, iPatagonia kunye nentshona yeUnited States.
- Iintlango eziselunxwemeni zibangelwa yimisinga ebandayo yolwandle. Umoya uyaphola xa udibana nale misinga yolwandle, kodwa umphunga wawo omncinci wamanzi uthetha ukuba inkungu ivela kuphela xa ifika kumazwekazi. Umzekelo ngulo kwintlango yeAtacama eChile.
imimandla epholileyo
IMeditera
Ifunyanwa phakathi kwe-30º-45º emntla kunye nobubanzi besibanzi, ngakumbi amazwe akwimida yoLwandle lweMeditera, emazantsi-ntshona e-Australia, eCalifornia, kumbindi weChile kunye nomzantsi-ntshona woMzantsi Afrika.
Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi ukusuka kwi-21º kunye ne-25ºC ehlotyeni naphakathi kwe-4º kunye ne-13ºC ebusika. Imvula iphakathi kwe-400 kunye ne-600 mm. Unyaka, ngokuqhelekileyo kwenzeka entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Ixesha lembalela lingqamana nehlobo.
Izityalo ezimeleyo yi-sclerophyllous, enamagqabi amancinane naqinile e-cortical, amaxolo angqindilili kunye namaqhina kunye namasebe ajijekileyo. Kummandla weMeditera, eli hlathi lenziwe ngemithi efana ne-oki ye-cork, i-holm oak, i-Aleppo pines, i-stone pines kunye nemithi yomnquma. Kukwakho umaleko otyebileyo wesihlahla samaqunube, i-oki ye-Kermes, ijunipha kunye nejunipha.
Yolwandle
Ifumaneka kumntla-ntshona weYurophu, kunxweme olusemantla ntshona eUnited States, kunxweme olusempuma yeKhanada, emazantsi eChile, kumzantsi-mpuma weOstreliya, eTasmania, nakumantla mpuma eNew Zealand.
Ziindawo ezikuluhlu lokuphazamiseka okusisigxina kwincam yencam, ngoko ke azinamaxesha onyaka awomileyo. Imvula iphakathi kwe-600 kunye ne-1.200 mm, eyona inamandla kakhulu ebusika. Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi, phakathi kwe-8º kunye ne-22ºC, ngenxa yempembelelo ethambileyo yeelwandle, nangona zisihla zisiya emantla nangaphakathi kumazwekazi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemimandla ye-bioclimatic kunye neempawu zabo.