E-Estonia: iimpawu kunye nemozulu

imozulu emantla Yurophu

Estoniya lilizwe elikummandla weBaltic kumantla Yurophu. Umda emantla yiGulf of Finland, ngasentshona kuLwandle lweBaltic, emazantsi yiLatvia nasempuma yiLake Peipsi kunye neRussian Federation. Inemozulu eyodwa, i-geology kunye neyantlukwano, ngoko ke kufanelekile ukufunda nzulu.

Ke ngoko, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga ne-Estonia, iimpawu zayo, izinto ezahlukeneyo zebhayoloji kunye nebhayoloji.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Estoniya

I-Estonia igubungela ummandla oziikhilomitha ezingama-45.227 (iikhilomitha ezili-17.462) kwaye ichatshazelwa yimozulu epholileyo. Ama-Estonian sisiFinnish yaye olona lwimi lusemthethweni lwesi-Estonian lufana nesiFinnish.

I-Estonia inabemi abasisi-1,34 sezigidi kwaye lelinye lawona mazwe angawona malungu anganabemi kwi-European Union, i-Eurozone kunye ne-NATO. IGDP yase-Estonia ngomntu ngamnye lelona liphezulu kuwo onke amazwe awayekade eyinxalenye yeSoviet Union. I-Estonia ihlelwa njengoqoqosho olunomvuzo ophezulu yiBhanki yehlabathi kunye nelungu elinengeniso ephezulu ye-OECD. IZizwe eziManyeneyo zidwelisa i-Estonia njengelizwe eliphuhlileyo elineSalathiso soPhuhliso loLuntu esiphakamileyo kakhulu.

Imozulu yase-Estonia

imozulu yaseEstonia

I-Estonia imi kwindawo esemantla ummandla opholileyo kunye nommandla wotshintsho phakathi kwemozulu yelizwekazi kunye nolwandlekazi. Ngenxa yokuba i-Estonia (kunye nawo wonke amantla eYurophu) isoloko ifudunyezwa ngumoya wolwandle ochatshazelwa bubushushu boMntla weAtlantiki, inemozulu epholileyo nangona ikwindawo esemantla. Ulwandle lweBaltic lubangela umahluko wemozulu phakathi kwemimandla eselunxwemeni nengaphakathi elizweni. I-Estonia inamaxesha amane onyaka aphantse alingane ubude. Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi ukusuka kwi-16,3 ° C (61,3 ° F) kwiziqithi zoLwandle lweBaltic ukuya kwi-18,1 ° C (64,6 ° F) phakathi kwelizwe, kunye nenyanga kaJulayi ibe yeyona nyanga ishushu kunye -3,5 ° C (25,7 ° F) kwiziqithi zoLwandle lweBaltic. . 7,6 ° C (18,3 ° F) phakathi kwelizwe, ngoFebruwari, eyona nyanga ibandayo.

Ubushushu bonyaka e-Estonia yi-5.2 ° C. NgoFebruwari yinyanga ebanda kakhulu enyakeni, kunye nobushushu obuphakathi kwe -5,7 ° C. UJulayi uthathwa njengenyanga eshushu kakhulu enyakeni, kunye nobushushu obuphakathi kwe-16,4 ° C.

Imozulu ikwachatshazelwa luLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, imisinga yoLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki eseMantla, kunye ne-Icelandic Minima. I-Iceland yindawo eyaziwa ngokuba yinkanyamba, kwaye i-avareji yoxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric iphantsi kunolo lweendawo ezingabamelwane. I-Estonia ikwindawo efumileyo kwaye imvula ingaphezu komphunga opheleleyo. Umyinge wemvula ukususela ngo-1961 ukuya ku-1990 wawungama-535 ukuya kuma-727 mm (21,1 ukuya kuma-28,6 mm) ngonyaka. eyona inamandla ehlotyeni. Inani leentsuku zemvula ngonyaka liphakathi kwe-102 kunye ne-127, kunye nemvula ephezulu kakhulu kwimithambeka esentshona ye-Saqqara kunye ne-Hanja Highlands. Isigqubuthelo sekhephu kumzantsi-mpuma we-Estonia sinzulu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo sihlala phakathi kuDisemba ukuya ekupheleni kukaMatshi.

Ishishini kunye nokusingqongileyo

imephu yaseEstonia

Ngaphandle kokunqongophala kwemithombo yobutyebi e-Estonia, lo mhlaba usabonelela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobutyebi besibini. Ilizwe lineoli eninzi, i-shale, ne-limestone, kwaye amahlathi agubungela i-50,6% yomhlaba. Ukongeza kwi-oyile ye-shale kunye ne-lime, i-Estonia nayo inenani elikhulu labagciniweyo abangaphuhliswanga okanye abaphuhliswe ngokubanzi be-PR, i-asphalt amphibole kunye negranite.

Izixa ezikhulu zeeoksidi zomhlaba ezinqabileyo zifunyenwe kwintsalela eqokelelwe ngexesha leminyaka engama-50 yokusetyenziswa kweSillamäe uranium, shale kunye neloparite. Njengoko ixabiso lemihlaba enqabileyo liye lanyuka, ukutsalwa kwezi oxides kuye kwasebenza ngokwezoqoqosho. Okwangoku, ilizwe lithumela ngaphandle malunga neetoni ezingama-3.000 ngonyaka, ezimele malunga ne-2% yemveliso yehlabathi.

Ukutya, ulwakhiwo kunye neshishini lombane lelinye lawona masebe abalulekileyo kushishino lwase-Estonia. Ngo-2007, ishishini lokwakha liqeshe abasebenzi abangaphezu kwama-80,000, emele malunga ne-12% yabasebenzi besizwe. Elinye icandelo lemizi-mveliso elibalulekileyo lishishini loomatshini kunye neekhemikhali, elibekwe ikakhulu kwisithili sase-Ida-Viru nakufutshane neTallinn.

Ishishini le-oyile kunye nemigodi ye-shale ligxile empuma nase-Estonia, livelisa malunga ne-90% yombane welizwe. Ioli ye-Shale isetyenziswa kakhulu, kodwa ibangela umonakalo omkhulu kwindalo. Nangona isixa songcoliseko esikhutshwa kwiatmosfera siye sehla ukususela ngeminyaka yee-1980, i-sulphur dioxide eveliswa luphuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lemigodi eSoviet Union ngeminyaka yee-1950s isawungcolisa umoya.

I-Estonia lilizwe elixhomekeke kumandla kunye nemveliso yawo. Iinkampani ezininzi zalapha ekhaya nezangaphandle zityale imali kumandla ahlaziyekayo. Ukubaluleka kwamandla omoya kuye kwanda ngokuthe ngcembe e-Estonia. Iyonke imveliso yamandla omoya isondele kuma-60 MW. Ngaxeshanye, iiprojekthi eziphantsi kophuhliso zixabisa malunga nama-399 MW. kunye neeprojekthi ezinee-MW ezingaphezu kwama-2.800 zisakhiwa. Kwenziwa izindululo kummandla weLake iPeipus nakummandla oselunxwemeni lwaseHiiumaa.

Amaxesha onyaka e-Estonia

Ubusika base-Estonia bubanda kakhulu: nasemini, ubushushu buhlala bungaphantsi kweqhwa ixesha elide. Ubushushu obuphakathi kweyoMqungu noFebruwari buphakathi kwe -1 ° C kunxweme lweziqithi ezibini eziphambili (iHiuma neSaaremaa) phantsi ukuya ku -3,5 ° C kunxweme lwaseTallinn kunye nonxweme olusemantla kunye no -4 ° C elunxwemeni. Ukulinda. KwiGulf of Riga, yehla ukuya kwi-5 ° C kumbindi womntla-mpuma.

Ngentwasahlobo, imini ikhula kwaye ubushushu bukhuphuka kancinci; I-Thaw idla ngokuvela ekuqaleni kuka-Epreli, kodwa naphakathi ekupheleni kuka-Epreli nasekuqaleni kukaMeyi, ingqele nekhephu zinokubuya ngokukhawuleza. U-Epreli yinyanga eguquguqukayo kakhulu, ngoko ke imozulu ebandayo inokuqalisa ukubonakala kwisiqingatha sesibini senyanga. Ukususela phakathi koMeyi, iqondo lokushisa lidla ngokwamkelekileyo.

Ihlobo e-Estonia lixesha elimnandi, elona qondo lobushushu liphezulu liguquguquka malunga ne-20/22 degrees, oku kuthetha ukuba iqondo lokushisa aliphezulu, kodwa lifanelekile ukuhamba kunye nemisebenzi yangaphandle. Ubusuku bupholile, kunye nobushushu obuncinci be-12/13 degrees (ukuya kwi-15 ° C kunxweme olusentshona).

Ihlobo liyana kakhulu njengoko kune imvula ngokomndilili wesinye kwisithathu sosuku, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukubona ilanga. Ikwindla lixesha lengwevu kunye nemvula. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu ngoSeptemba asamkelekile, liya kuphola ngokukhawuleza kangangokuba ikhephu lokuqala linokuwa ekupheleni kukaOktobha. Xa kuthelekiswa nentwasahlobo, ikwindla imnyama ngenxa yeentsuku ezimfutshane, lo mahluko ubonakala kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa ubonakala ngakumbi kumazwe aseNordic.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Estonia kunye nemozulu yayo.


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