Isidingo esikhulayo sokwazi indawo ekuyo sikhokelele ekubeni abantu bafumane iindlela ezintsha zokubamba umhlaba. Ezi milo zizama ukumela ubuso bomhlaba ngenxa yolwazi oluchanekileyo olunokufunyanwa ngenxa yetekhnoloji. Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zenziwe ukufezekisa ezi njongo. Phakathi kwazo kukho orthophoto. Luhlobo lwendlela ye-photogrammetric esekwe ekusetyenzisweni kwezembozo zokufota ezifumaneka kwiinqwelomoya ezixhotyiswe ngeekhamera ezikhethekileyo zomoya. Lo mfanekiso uphakamisa yonke inkqubo yokwenza iitshathi kunye nezicwangciso ezikalini ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswa ngabasebenzisi abaninzi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-orthophoto, ziimpawu zayo kwaye ibaluleke kangakanani.
Yintoni i-orthophoto
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kukho iinqwelomoya ezilungiselelwe ngeekhamera ezikhethekileyo zomoya ukufota umphezulu womhlaba. Ezi zikhuselo zeefoto zivela kwinkqubo yokuyila iiplani kwizikali ezahlukeneyo ezenzelwe iinjongo ezininzi. Ukongeza kule modeli yokufumana iifoto zasemoyeni, ii-orthophotos ezahlukeneyo zeempawu eziqinisekisiweyo zenziwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi. Ukugubungela ukufotokopisha kuyaphendula kwifayile ye- kufuneka ubenakho ukusombulula iingxaki ezininzi zendawo. Le yenye yeemodeli ezichanekileyo ukuze ubonise indawo yokwenene ebonakalayo kwaye uncede ukusombulula iingxaki kwiofisi yengcali.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-orthophoto kuye kwanda kakhulu kwicandelo lobungcali kuwo onke amasebe ajongene nesayensi yomhlaba. Umdla wokwenziwa kwe-orthophoto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezwe. Kwaye enkosi kolu hlobo lolwazi ukuba iimfuno zezifundo, ukucwangciswa kunye nenani elikhulu leengcali zinokwaneliseka.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-orthophoto ngumfanekiso wefoto yendawo leyo ingqikelelo yayo esembindini iguqulwe yaya kuba yingqokelela yemithambo. Ngale ndlela, ngolu tshintsho, kunokwenzeka ukuba kupheliswe konke ukugqwethwa kweplanethi okubangelwa kukuthambekela kwekhamera yomoya. Kukho izinto ezigqwethekileyo ezahlukeneyo ezibangelwa kukususwa koncedo. Oku kushenxisa umahluko wesikali okhoyo kwisakhelo esingalungiswanga. Oku kwahluka kungenxa yomahluko okhoyo kwinqanaba lendawo efotiweyo kunye notyekelo olunokuba nalo iikhamera ngexesha lokuthatha ifoto.
Ndiyabulela kule ndlela yokufumana ulwazi, inqanaba elinye nelichanekileyo linokufikelelwa kumhlaba wonke we-orthophoto. Ukulungiselela ukuguqula ingqikelelo engumbindi uye kwi-orthogonal, eluncedo, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukulungiswa iyasetyenziswa. Yinkqubo ethi izame ukulungisa ukwahluka kumathambeka athiwe thaca ngumhlaba kunye nenqanaba lokuthambekela kwekhamera ngokubhekisele kwindawo leyo. Ukuba lo mahluko ubalulekile, ulungiso luxanduva lokulungisa imodeli ye-stereoscopic ngokusebenzisa imigca yokuqala ngokokungalingani kwendawo.
Nje ukuba olu lwazi lufunyenwe, kwi-orthophoto Ulwazi lwe-altimetry, igridi ye-UTM kunye ne-toponymy ziyongezwa. Isiphumo se-orthophoto yi-orthophotoplane. Licandelo lasezidolophini apho i-toponymy kunye nezinye iisimboli eziqhelekileyo zongezwa kwigridi. Ihlala isebenza ekuchongeni onke amacandelo endalo.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-orthophoto
Ingasetyenziswa phantse kuyo yonke imisebenzi apho kufuneka khona ukufotwa kwasemoyeni kunye nemephu yenkqubo okanye yesiqhelo. Uncedo lwe-orthophoto kukuba inokufezekisa ukuchaneka okuphezulu okuvumela ukuba izifundo ezizezinye zenziwe ngokulula. Ezi zifundo zinokudityaniswa nezinye izicwangciso zentlalo noqoqosho kwingingqi.
Olunye uncedo olongezelelekileyo olunikezelwa yi-orthophotography kukuba iipleyiti zokugcina idatha okanye iiteyiphu zemagneti zinokwenziwa. Ndiyabulela koku, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqokelele ngokulula ingqokelela yamanani enokurekhoda lonke utshintsho olwenziwe kwindawo ethile ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngale ndlela, singafumana ulwazi kungekuphela ngoncedo lwangoku kodwa nakwinguqu efumene isiqabu ekuhambeni kwexesha.
Kumazwe amaninzi, iziphumo ezilungileyo ziye zafezekiswa ngokusetyenziswa kwee-orthophotos. Kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuba kukho izicwangciso zentlalo noqoqosho apho zingaphezulu kwe-12.000 ii-orthophotos kwizikali ezahlukeneyo. E-United States, ii-orthophotos zisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa zonke iimephu kunye nokufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya. Ingasetyenziselwa ukufumana idatha kubunini bomhlaba okanye kwiimpawu. IiOthophotos zinokusetyenziselwa ukwahlula usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo lomhlaba, nokuba zezolimo, ihlathi okanye idolophu, phakathi kwabanye.
Phakathi kokusebenzisa ii-orthophotos sifumana abatshutshisi. Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kolwazi kwezinye iinjongo ezinje ngokucwangcisa kunye nokucandwa komhlaba kulindelwe kwangaphambili. Enkosi kwinto yokuba inokuncedisa ulwazi olufunyenwe kwiimephu, inokusetyenziselwa ukuphucula ukhuseleko loluntu kunye nolawulo lwezithuthi okanye, ukukhuselwa kwendawo yomlilo, ukunceda ukuthotyelwa komthetho, Iinjongo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa koluntu, ulawula umhlaba kunye nepropathi kunye nokuthengiswa kweepropathi kunye nezicwangciso kunokuxoxwa ngazo kubulelwa kwi-orthophoto.
Ubume bemithombo yendalo
Enye yeendawo apho ukusetyenziswa kwe-orthophoto kuxhaphake kakhulu kubutyebi bendalo. IiOthophotos zisetyenziswa ngamaziko olwazi ngemithombo yendalo, iinkampani zamahlathi, kunye nemibutho eyahlukeneyo ukufumana ulwazi ngezixhobo zendalo. Isetyenziselwe ukukhula kwimbali yokusetyenziswa komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba ngokubanzi, kunye nokuchongwa kwezityalo.
Ingaba funda iindawo ezinengca kunye namadlelo okanye wenze uphando lwezityalo ezithile. Iinkqubo ezininzi zokujikeleza kwezityalo zikwachongwa zizifundo kusetyenziswa ii-orthophotos. Okokugqibela, kunomdla ukubona ukuba inezicelo zoqikelelo kunye noqikelelo lwezivuno zezityalo, uhlalutyo lwamanani ezityalo, ukusetyenziswa gwenxa komhlaba kunye nezifundo ezahlukeneyo zokuhlelwa komhlaba.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-orthophoto kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo.