NgoMeyi 8, 1654, kwisixeko saseJamani iMagdeburg, uMlawuli uFerdinand III neqela lakhe babonisa ulingelo olumangalisayo olwayilwa lwaza lwenziwa ngusodolophu wesixeko, isazinzulu saseJamani uvon Glick. Imizobo emininzi ukusuka kwixesha ibonisa esi siganeko. Imalunga ne iMagdeburg hemispheres. Uvavanyo lwalubandakanya ukuzama ukwahlula iihemispheres ezimbini zentsimbi malunga neesentimitha ezingama-50 ububanzi, ezidityaniswe ngoqhagamshelwano olulula, ukwenza ingqukuva etywiniweyo, kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo, ukumpompa umoya ngaphandle kwengqukuva ngempompo yokufunxa eyenziwe nguye. Ukuququzelela ukutywinwa kwe-hemisphere yensimbi okanye i-hemispheres, indandatho yesikhumba ifakwe phakathi kweendawo zoqhagamshelwano. Ihemisfere nganye inamarhintyela aliqela ekunokugqithwa ngawo intambo okanye ityathanga ukuze libe nokutsalwa kumacala ahlukeneyo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga novavanyo lweMagdeburg hemispheres kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
IMagdeburg Hemispheres
Sisixhobo esenzelwe ukubonisa ubukho be-vacuum kunye noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric. Iqukethe i-hemispheres ezimbini ezingenanto, kwaye ukuba ziqhagamshelwe omnye komnye kwaye umoya ongaphakathi uyazotywa, ivacuum yangaphakathi iya kwenziwa. Phantsi kwezi meko, umoya ojikeleze umhlaba wenza uxinzelelo kumphezulu ongaphandle, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukwahlula inkunkuma. Enyanisweni, ezi bekufuneka zibe namandla kakhulu, kuba xa ingaphakathi likhutshiwe, linokukwazi ukuliqhekeza ngoxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric.
Ezi hemispheres, ezithiywe ngegama lesixeko saseJamani iMagdeburg, zasetyenziselwa ukwenza umfuniselo ongaqhelekanga ngowe-1654. U-Otto von Guericke, usodolophu wesixeko kunye nochwephesha wefiziksi, phambi koMnyuli uFrederick William waseBrandenburg kunye namalungu ePalamente yaseRegensburg, baziqhelanise nokucoca ihemispheres ezimbini zentsimbi.
Uvavanyo
Ngelinge lokuzahlula, ihemisphere enye ibotshelelwa kwiqela lamahashe ize enye ibotshelelwe kwinani elilinganayo lamahashe, kodwa kumacala achaseneyo. Emva kwemizamo emininzi kunye nokumangala kwababekhona, kwakungenakwenzeka ukwahlula iziqingatha ezibini zengqukuva. Umphumo ufana noko sikufezekisayo xa sibeka i-drain plunger ezimbini ezantsi kwaye sizicinezele omnye komnye. Ivacuum ayigqitywanga, kodwa kuthatha amandla amaninzi ukuwahlula.
Ababukeli bamangaliswa kukubona amaqela ahlukeneyo amadoda etsalela emacaleni ngamandla awo onke yaye esilela ukwahlula ihemisphere. Kwakhona ayengenako ukwahlulwa ekuqaleni ngamahashe ali-16, ahlulwe abe ngamaqela amabini anamahashe asi-8 ngalinye. Emva komsebenzi onzima, balufikelela usukelo lwabo baza babangela uqhushululu. I-hemispheres eyenza i-spheres, eyayifuna umgudu omkhulu wokuvula, yayinokwahlulwa ngokungenamgudu ngokuvumela umoya ukuba uphinde ungene ngaphakathi kwimibhobho.
Kulinge ngo-2005 ngamahashe ali-16 eGranada, i-hemispheres ayinakwahlulwa. Gcina ukhumbula ukuba i-vacuum ephunyezwe yi-Von Guericke iimpompo zenkulungwane ye-XNUMX yayingaphantsi kunoko kuphunyezwe ziimpompo zethu zangoku.
Kutheni kunzima ukwahlula i-hemispheres yaseMagdeburg
Inxalenye yokuqala yombuzo, ngeli xesha, ilula kuye nawuphi na umfundi wesikolo esiphakamileyo onokuqonda kakuhle i-physics ukuphendula. Yonke into esemhlabeni ikulwandle lomoya onzima, ngokuxhomekeke kumandla aqhelekileyo kumphezulu wawo macala onke. Ngendlela enye, zifunyanwa yi-hemisphere, ngaphakathi nangaphandle ngaphakathi. Ukuba xa i-hemispheres ivaliwe ukuba yenze ingqukuva, phantse wonke umoya ongaphakathi uyasuswa kwaye amandla kumphezulu ongaphandle uyawacinezela kakhulu kunomoya osebenza ngaphandle, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukuba bahlukane.
Amandla omnatha acudisa ama-hemispheres amabini, asasazwa kwi-sphere ebunjiweyo, oko kukuthi, ucinga ukuba ivacuum efunyenwe ngaphakathi imalunga ne-10% yomoya wangaphandle, kufuneka boyise amandla abohlulayo, buyi-odolo yeetoni ezisixhenxe zobunzima.
Inxalenye yesibini yombuzo, kutheni abahlali baseMagdeburg bechukumisekile nje? Inento yokwenza nolwazi lwencindi kunye nokuziphatha kwazo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Sikwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwaye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluntu lwezenzululwazi yayikholelwa ukuba kwakungenakwenzeka ukwenza i-vacuum, "i-vacuum terror", eyayiyimbangela yokuhamba kwamanzi, ukukhusela ukuba kwenzeke.
Ngoko ke, ngokurhabula ulwelo olukwiglasi ngomququ, ngaloo ndlela kushenxiswa omnye womoya ekuwo, uloyiko oluviwa yindalo xa lungenanto lubangela ukuba ulwelo lunyuke. Ngomzuzu wembali wokwenza uvavanyo, izazinzulu ezifana noTorricelli zayishiya le ngcamango zaza zabonisa ukuba uxinzelelo oluqhutywa yiatmosfera, ubunzima bomoya, hayi ukoyikeka kwevacuum.
Ingcaciso yolingelo
Ukuze sikuqonde oko kwabonwa nguMlawuli uFerdinand III, simele sikhumbule ukuba ubomi bethu bubakho kulwandlekazi olukhulu lomoya, yaye oku, njengalo naluphi na ulwelo, lunobunzima, ngoko umlinganiselo othile womoya unobunzima obunamandla okusebenzisa amandla kuwo. yena. Kodwa la mandla asebenza ngaphezu kwemfumba yezitena ezibekwe phezu kweentloko zethu. Izinto zinzima ngakumbi kuba yonke into entywiliselwe kolu lwandle lomoya iphantsi kweseti yemikhosi ethanda ukuyicinezela, isebenza kwindawo nganye kumphezulu wayo. Ngaphaya koko, la mandla ahlala esetyenziswa ngokwe-perpendicular kumphezulu ochaphazelekayo.
Ngokunjalo, ukuba umoya uvalelwe kwisikhongozeli, iindonga zeso sitya ziya kuba namandla aqhelekileyo kumphezulu wawo kuyo yonke indawo, zibangele ukuba zande. Ukuze siqonde le nto ngokubanzi, kufuneka sikhumbule ukuba umoya wenziwa inani elikhulu leeamolekyu. onokucinga ngeengqumba zemicroscopic ezihamba ngokungacwangciswanga macala onke, ukubetha kunye nokubetha yonke into esendleleni yayo. Nganye kwezi ngqukuva zincinci zivelisa amandla amancinci athi, adityaniswe nokubetha okungabalekiyo okwenzeka ngokungayekiyo kwisekondi nganye, kunokudala amandla amancinane. Isiphumo somnatha sale mpembelelo yemolekyuli engaguqukiyo yiseti yamandla amanqaku ahlala e-perpendicular kumphezulu wempembelelo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Magdeburg hemispheres kunye neempawu zabo.