i-optical refraction

La i-optical refraction Yinto eyenzekayo xa ukukhanya kuwela ngokugqibeleleyo kumphezulu wokwahlukana kwemidiya emibini, ngoko ukukhanya kutshintsha indlela kunye nesantya. Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-optics kunye nefiziksi kunye nakwi-astronomy.

Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi malunga ne-optical refraction, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka.

Yintoni i-optical refraction

I-Optical refraction ibhekiselele ekudlulisweni kwamaza okukhanya ukusuka kwisixhobo esinye ukuya kwesinye ngexesha lenkqubo yokusasaza, kwaye emva koko ulwalathiso lwabo kunye nesantya sitshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Yinkqubo ehambelana nokubonakaliswa kokukhanya kwaye inokubonakalisa ngaxeshanye.

Ukukhanya kunokuhamba kwizinto eziphathekayo ezifana ne vacuum, amanzi, umoya, idayimani, iglasi, iquartz, glycerin, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo translucent okanye translucent. Kwindlela nganye, ukukhanya kuhamba ngesantya esahlukileyo.

Umzekelo, ukukhanya kunqandwa xa kuhanjwa ukusuka emoyeni ukuya emanzini, apho i-engile kunye nesantya sokuhamba zitshintsha. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zithatha inxaxheba kuyo nayiphi na isenzeko sokwaleka kokukhanya:

• isiganeko sombane: imitha efikelela kumphezulu phakathi kwemidiya emibini.
• irefracted ray: Imitha yokukhanya egobileyo xa iliza lihamba phezu komhlaba.
• eqhelekileyo: Umgca wengqikelelo wependicular kumphezulu, usekwe ukusuka kwindawo apho imitha emibini idibana khona.
• I-engile yokwenzeka: I-engile phakathi kwe-ray yesiganeko kunye nesiqhelo.
• i-engile yokuphindaphinda: I-engile phakathi kwe-refracted ray kunye nesiqhelo.

Isiganeko se-Optical refraction

Xa ukukhanya kuwela kumphezulu owahlula imidiya emibini, njenge umoya kunye namanzi, inxalenye yokukhanya kwesiganeko ibonakala; ngelixa elinye icandelo lihlehlisiwe kwaye lidlula kwindawo yesibini.

Ngelixa isenzeko se-refraction sisebenza ikakhulu kumaza okukhanya, iikhonsepthi zisebenza kulo naliphi na i-wave, kubandakanya isandi kunye namaza ombane.

Imithetho eyenziwa nguHuygens elawula ukuhamba kwawo onke amaza azalisekile:

• Isiganeko, imitha ebonakalisiweyo kunye ne-refracted ilele kwinqwelomoya enye.
• I-angle yesiganeko kunye ne-engile yokubonisa ziyalingana., Ukuqonda ngaloo ndlela ii-angles ezenziwe yi-ray yesiganeko kunye ne-ray ebonakalisiweyo, ngokulandelanayo, i-perpendicular kumphezulu wokwahlula otsalwe kwindawo yesiganeko.

Isantya sokukhanya sixhomekeke kwindlela ehamba ngayo, kuba ngoko ke i-denser imathiriyeli, isantya sokukhanya sicotha kwaye ngokuphambeneyo. Ke xa ukukhanya kuhamba ukusuka kwindawo exinene kancinci (umoya) ukuya kwindawo exinene ngakumbi (iglasi), imitha yokukhanya iphinda iphindwe kufutshane neyesiqhelo, ngoko ke i-engile ye-refraction iya kuba ngaphantsi kwe-engile yesiganeko.

Ngokufanayo, ukuba imitha yokukhanya idlula ukusuka kwindawo exineneyo ukuya kwindawo exinene kancinci, izakurhoxa kwisiqhelo, ukwenzela ukuba i-angle ye-encidence ibe ngaphantsi kwe-angle ye-refraction.

Ukubaluleka

Sele sikhankanyile ukuba i-optical refraction yinto ebonakalayo eyenzekayo xa ukukhanya kudlula ukusuka kwelinye eliphakathi ukuya kwelinye ngoxinaniso olwahlukileyo. Lo mcimbi ubaluleke kakhulu kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla nakwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi nobuchwepheshe.

Omnye wemizekelo eqhelekileyo ye-optical refraction kukubunjwa kwemvula. Xa ukukhanya kwelanga kudlula kumathontsi amanzi esibhakabhakeni, ukukhanya kuyajika kuze kuthi saa kubude bamaza ahlukeneyo, ngaloo ndlela kuvelisa intlaninge yemibala esiyibona kumnyama. Esi siganeko sikwasetyenziswa kwilens optics nasekuveliseni izixhobo zamehlo, njengeekhamera, iimicroscopes, neeteleskopu.

Kwakhona, i-optical refraction ibalulekile ekulungiseni umbono womntu. Xa ukukhanya kungena kwiliso lethu, kufakwa kwi<em>cornea nelens ukuze kwenze umfanekiso kwiretina. Ukuba iliso alikuchani kakuhle ukukhanya, linokubangela iingxaki zokubona ezifana nokungaboni kakuhle, ukubona kude, kunye ne-astigmatism. Ii-lens zoqhagamshelwano zilungisa ezi ngxaki zi-refraction kwaye zivumela ukukhanya ukuba kufakwe ngokufanelekileyo kwiso.

Kwishishini, i-optical refraction isetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kwezinto ezicacileyo kunye nomlinganiselo woxinaniso lwezisombululo. Kwiyeza, i-optical refraction isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukuxinana kunye nokuchaswa kwezicubu zebhayoloji. ukuvumela ukufunyanwa kwangoko kwezifo.

Ngaphandle kwe-optical refraction, i-imaging, ukulungiswa kombono, ukuveliswa kweelensi kunye nezinye izixhobo zamehlo, ukufumanisa izifo, kunye nezinye iinkqubela phambili zenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe eziphucula umgangatho wobomi bethu azinakwenzeka.

Imizekelo ye-optical refraction

Eminye imizekelo eqhelekileyo ye-optical refraction inokufunyanwa kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Itisipuni kwikomityi yeti: Xa sigalela icephe ekomityini yeti, siyabona ukuba ivuthuluka njani. Yimpembelelo yokukhanyela ukukhanya okuvelisa le ngcamango ye-optical illusion. Kwenzeka into efanayo xa sifaka ipensile okanye i-straw emanzini. Ezi nkohliso zigobileyo zidalwe ngenxa yokwahlulwa kokukhanya.
• Umnyama: Imvula ibangelwa kukukhanyelwa kokukhanya njengoko idlula kumathontsi amancinane amanzi axhonywe emoyeni. Njengoko ukukhanya kungena kule ndawo, kuyaphuka kwaye kudala iziphumo ezinemibala.
• ilanga halo: Le yinto efana nomnyama eyenzeka kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi okanye phantsi kweemeko ezithile zomoya. Oku kudalwa xa amasuntswana omkhenkce eqokelelana kwi-troposphere, ukukhanya okuphinda-phindeneyo kunye nokuqhekeka, okwenza kube lula ukwahlula izangqa ezinemibala ejikeleze imithombo yokukhanya.
• Ukukhanya kucandwa kwidayimani: Iidayimani ziphinde zikhanye ukukhanya, zikwahlulahlule kwimibala emininzi.
• Iiglasi kunye neeglasi zokubonisa: Iiglasi ezikhulisayo kunye neelensi esizisebenzisayo zisekelwe kumgaqo wokukhanyela ukukhanya, kuba kufuneka zibambe ukukhanya kwaye zigqwethe umfanekiso ukuze zitolikwe ngeso lenyama.
• ilanga elwandle: Sinokubona ukukhanya kwelanga kutshintsha i-engile kunye nesantya, kunye nokusasazeka njengoko kudlula phezu komhlaba nangaphandle elwandle.
• Ukukhanya ngeglasi emdaka: Ukukhanya kwakhona kwenzeka ngeglasi okanye ikristale, ehluza ukukhanya kwaye isasazeke kwindawo.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuhoxiswa kwe-optical kunye neempawu zayo.