I-Diagenesis

diagenesis ematyeni

Kwi-geology kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeenkqubo ezenzeka ematyeni nakwimekobume. Omnye wabo ngu i-diagenesis. Ezi zizo zonke iinkqubo ezithi intlenga ihambe ngexesha eliqala ngokufakwa emva kokuguqulwa kwamatye. Kwezi meko, sithetha ngokubunjwa kwamatye e-sedimentary kunye namatye e-metamorphic.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga ne-diagenesis, iimpawu zayo kunye nezinto ezinomdla.

Yintoni i-diagenesis

i-diagenesis

I-Diagenesis ligama elisetyenziswa ngeendlela ezimbini: eyokuqala ibhekisa kwinkqubo yohlengahlengiso lwamalungu ento ibe yinto entsha okanye eyahlukileyo. Okwesibini, kwaye okuqhelekileyo, ukusetyenziswa kubhekiselele kuzo zonke iinkqubo intlenga ehamba ngayo okanye enqumla ngexesha eliqala ukufakwa kwaye iqhubeke de ibe ngamatye. Kwakhona kubhekisela kwiinkqubo ezongezelelweyo zeekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba ezinokutshintsha la matye de ziwohloke. Kwi-geology, i-metamorphism kukutshintsha kwamatye ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zejoloji ezibandakanya ubushushu obugqithisileyo kunye noxinzelelo.

Iingcali ze-Geologists zihlula amatye kwiindidi ezintathu ngokusekelwe kwimeko yazo yokwakheka. Amatye entlenga akhiwa ngokuguqula intlenga ibe ngamatye. inkqubo efuna ixesha elininzi kunye noxinzelelo. Amatye e-igneous akhiwa ngokupholisa kwe-lava okanye i-magma. I-Magma kunye ne-lava ngamagama amabini ento enye, kodwa i-magma ibhekiselele kudaka olusengaphantsi komhlaba, kwaye i-lava ibhekisela kwi-lava engaphantsi komhlaba ngoku. Amatye e-Metamorphic ngamatye ane-igneous okanye i-sedimentary rocks aguqukayo phantsi koxinzelelo olugqithisileyo, amandla e-angular, okanye ubushushu, kodwa anganyibiliki ngokupheleleyo ilitye kwaye alifunxe kwi-magma layer.

Zonke iinkqubo zemichiza kunye nenyama eyenziwa yintlenga xa iguquka ibe ngamatye, kunye noluhlu lweenkqubo ezichaphazela iimpawu zamatye, zihlelwa phantsi kwegama elithi diagenesis. Ezi nkqubo ngokuyintloko ziinkqubo zemichiza kwindalo, kodwa zikwabandakanya iinkqubo zomzimba, ezifana ne-delamination. Nangona kunjalo, I-diagenesis ayibandakanyi isimo sezulu, esolunye uhlobo lwenkqubo ye-geological.

Iinkqubo zeDiyagenetic

ukwakheka kweenkqubo zejoloji

Inkqubo ye-diagenesis ingaba nzima kakhulu kwaye ininzi kakhulu ukuba idweliswe kwinqaku yolu bukhulu, kodwa bawela kwiindidi ezininzi. Enye yezona ntlobo zibalulekileyo zeenkqubo ze-diagenetic kukuguqulwa kwe-biomass kwintlenga kwi-hydrocarbons, esisisiqalo sokwenziwa kwe-oyile ekrwada kunye nezinye izibaso zefosili. I-Fossilization yinkqubo ye-diagenesis eyenzeka kwinqanaba le-molecular. Xa iiseli zomzimba ngamnye, ngakumbi iikhompawundi ezithile emathanjeni, zitshintshwa yi-calcite kunye nezinye iiminerali, i-calcite kunye nezinye iiminerali zinyibilika emanzini nasemanzini. Ukubekwa ngokuhluza umaleko wentlenga.

Diagenesis kunye nesamente

amaqhekeza amatye

I-Cementation linqanaba elibalulekileyo le-diagenesis, nto leyo ebangela ukuba amasuntswana entlenga adityaniswe kunye. Le yinkqubo yeekhemikhali apho iiminerali ezinyityilisiweyo (ezifana ne-calcite okanye i-silica) ziphuma emanzini njengoko zingena kwintlenga. Uxinzelelo lweeleya ezidlulanayo zentlenga zikhokelela kwinkqubo ye-diagenesis yomzimba ebizwa ngokuba yi-compaction. Oku kudibanisa, kunye nokuhluzwa kwamanzi atyebileyo ngamaminerali, kubangela ukuba iincinci zentlenga zibambelele kwiiminerali ezinyibilikileyo. Njengoko intlenga yoma, iiminerali ziyaqina kwaye zenze isamente yendalo. Ilitye lentlabathi luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwamatye olubunjwe ngolu hlobo. Amanqanaba amaninzi antsokothileyo e-diagenesis nawo angenzeka, kubandakanywa utshintsho ekubunjweni kweeleya zentlenga ngokuphuma kwamanzi athwele iiminerali ezinyibilikisiweyo.

Ngale nkqubo, iiminerali ezintsha zinokubunjwa kwaye ngamanye amaxesha iiminerali ezithile okanye iikhompawundi ziya kuphuma kwintlenga kwaye endaweni yazo kuthathwe ezinye iiminerali okanye iikhompawundi. I-Petrification yenzeke ngexesha le-diagenesis kwaye yinkqubo apho intlenga ijika ibe ngamatye. Nangona kunjalo, emva kwe-petrification, i-diagenesis ingaqhubeka.

Iinkqubo ezininzi ze-diagenetic zithatha amawaka okanye izigidi zeminyaka. Iingcali ze-Geologists, i-paleontologists, i-anthropologists, kunye neengcali ze-archaeologists zihlalutya amatye ukuze baqonde inkqubo ye-diagenetic eyabakhayo. Ngale ndlela, bafunda okuninzi malunga nexesha elidlulileyo, kubandakanya ulwazi malunga nentshukumo yetectonic yoqweqwe, idatha yokusingqongileyo, kunye nolunye ulwazi malunga nokwakheka kwamatye kunye nembali yomhlaba.

Lithification

I-Diagenesis ibandakanya i-lithification, inkqubo yokuguqula intlenga evulekileyo ibe ngamatye aqinileyo e-sedimentary. Inkqubo esisiseko ye-lithification ibandakanya ukudibanisa kunye nokuqinisa. Olona tshintsho luqhelekileyo lomzimba we-diagenetic kukuxinana. Njengoko iidiphozithi zisakha, ubunzima bezinto ezigqithisiweyo buya kucinezela iidiphozithi ezinzulu. I-sediment inzulu ingcwatywa, iqina kwaye iqiniswe.

Njengoko iinqununu ziba ngakumbi kwaye zixinzelelwe, isithuba se-pore (isithuba esivulekileyo phakathi kweengqungquthela) siyancipha kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, xa udongwe lungcwatywa kwizinto eziphathekayo kwiikhilomitha eziliqela ngaphantsi, umthamo wodongwe unokuncitshiswa ukuya kuma-40%. Njengoko isithuba semingxunya sisebenza, amanzi amaninzi afakwe kwintlenga ayakhutshwa.

I-Cementation yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo yokuguqulwa kwentlenga ibe ngamatye entlenga. Lutshintsho lwe-diagenetic olo ibandakanya ukukhazimliswa kweeminerali phakathi kwamasuntswana entlenga. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba athwala i-ion kwisisombululo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, ezi ion ziqaqambisa iiminerali ezintsha kwisithuba sepore, ngaloo ndlela zidibanisa inkunkuma.

Kanye njengokuba isixa sesithuba sepore sincitshiswa ngexesha lokudityaniswa, ukongeza isamente kwintlenga nako kuya kunciphisa i-porosity yayo. I-Calcite, i-silica, kunye ne-iron oxide zezona zesamente zixhaphakileyo. Ukuchongwa kwezinto ezincamathelayo kudla ngokuba yinto ethe ngqo. Calcite amagwebu isamente ngenxa dilute hydrochloric acid. I-silica yeyona samente inzima kwaye ngoko ivelisa elona litye linzima lentlenga.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-diagenesis kunye neempawu zayo.


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