Kuyo yonke imbali bekukho abantu abambalwa abanolwazi oluphambili kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Omnye wala madoda wayenjalo I-Eratosthenes. Wazalelwa eKirene ngonyaka we-276 BC. Kwakunakho ukubala ubungakanani boMhlaba enkosi kwizifundo zakhe ngeenkwenkwezi kunye namandla akhe amakhulu okutsala. Ngaphandle kwetekhnoloji encinci kakhulu yelo xesha, abantu abanjengoEratosthenes benze inkqubela phambili ekuqondeni iplanethi yethu.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngobomi kunye nezinto ezazisenziwa ngu-Eratosthenes.
Imigaqo yakhe
Kuya kufuneka sazi ukuba ngeli xesha kwakungekho tekhnoloji yokujonga, ngoko ke inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi yayingaqali. Ke ngoko, ukwamkelwa kwe-Eratosthenes kuphezulu kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, wafunda eAlexandria naseAthene. Waba ngabafundi baka-Ariston waseChios, uCallimachus noLysanias waseKirene. Wayekwangumhlobo omkhulu weArchimedes eyaziwayo.
Yabizwa ngokuba yiBeta kunye nePentatlos. La magama esiteketiso athetha ukubhekisa kuhlobo lwembaleki ekwaziyo ukuba yinxalenye yeemfuno ezithile kwaye ngubani, ngenxa yoku, akanakho ukubalasela nakweyiphi na kwaye uhlala eyesibini. Oku kuyenza ukuba ibe sisidlaliso esiqatha kuye. Ngaphandle kwelo gama lesidlaliso, wakwazi ukusebenzisa iziseko zalo kwiziphumo zesayensi ezinomdla kamva.
Wayesebenza phantse bonke ubomi bakhe kwithala leencwadi laseAlexandria. Ngokwabantu abathile, waphulukana nokubona eneminyaka engama-80 kwaye wazivumela ukuba alambe. Nguye umdali we-armillary sphere, isixhobo sokujonga ngeenkwenkwezi esasisetyenziswa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe. Oku kungabonisa ukuba wawukwazi kangakanani ngelo xesha uhlala ngalo. Kwakungenxa yesigaba se-armillary ukuba wakwazi ukwazi ukunyanzeliswa kwe-ecliptic.
Wakwazi ukubala ixesha eliphakathi kwetropiki kwaye la manani kamva asetyenziswa nguPtolemy kwezinye zezifundo zakhe ezinje nge ithiyori yelizwe. Wayejonga ukusithwa kwelanga kwaye wayekwazi ukubala ukuba umgama osuka eMhlabeni uye eLangeni wawuziifitadi ezingama-804.000.000. Ukuba ibala lemidlalo lilinganise i-185 yeemitha, oku kwanika iikhilomitha ezili-148.752.000, inani elisondele kakhulu kwicandelo leenkwenkwezi.
Uphando lokujonga
Phakathi kophando lwakhe, wachitha ixesha elide esenza ukubonwa kunye nokubonelela ngemiba yokubala. Olunye ucezu lolwazi awayenako ukulubonelela yayikukuba umgama ukusuka eMhlabeni uye eNyangeni yayingama-stadia angama-780.000. Oku okwangoku kwaziwa ukuba iphantse iphindwe kathathu ngaphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo itekhnoloji eyayikho ngelo xesha, akunakuthethwa ukuba yayiyinkqubela phambili kwezenzululwazi.
Ngombulelo kwimigqaliselo ayenzileyo ngecandelo le-armillary, wakwazi ukubala ububanzi beLanga. Uthe yayiphindwe ka-27 kunaleyo yoMhlaba. nangona namhlanje kusaziwa ukuba ngamatyeli ali-109 ngaphezulu.
Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe, wayefunda amanani aphambili. Ukubala ubungakanani bomhlaba, kwafuneka ukuba enze imodeli ye-trigonometry apho wasebenzisa khona umbono wobubanzi kunye nobude. Oluvavanyo kunye nokubala kwakusetyenziswe ngaphambili, hayi nje ngendlela esondeleyo.
Kuba wayesebenza kwithala leencwadi, wakwazi ukufunda ipapyrus eyathi nge-21 kaJuni yayinguye Ihlobo laseSolstice. Oku kuthetha ukuba emini ilanga liya kuba kufutshane ne-zenith kunalo naluphi na olunye usuku lonyaka. Oku kungabonakaliswa ngokulula ngokuqhuba intonga nkqo emhlabeni kwaye ubone ukuba ayiphosi nasiphi na isithunzi. Ewe kunjalo, oku kwenzeka kuphela e-Syene, e-Egypt (kulapho ikhoyo i-ikhweyitha yomhlaba kwaye imitha yelanga ifika ngokuthe ngqo ngomhla we-solstice yehlobo).
Ukuba oku kulinga kwesithunzi kwenziwa e-Alexandria (ibekwe kwi-800 km kumantla eSyene) uyayibona indlela intonga ebeka ngayo isithunzi esifutshane kakhulu. Oku kuthetha ukuba kweso sixeko, ilanga lasemini lalimalunga ne-7 degrees emazantsi e-zenith.
Ukubalwa imigama ukusuka Eratosthenes
Umgama phakathi kwezi zixeko zibini wawunokuthathwa kwiikharavani ezazirhweba phakathi kwezi zixeko. Kungenzeka ukuba abe nale datha evela kumawakawaka e-papyri kwilayibrari yaseAlexandria. Kukho amarhe athi makasebenzise ibutho lamajoni ukubala amanyathelo awathathayo phakathi kwezi zixeko zibini kwaye yile ndlela abala ngayo imigama.
Ukuba sibona ukuba u-Eratosthenes usebenzise ibala lezemidlalo lase-Egypt, elimalunga ne-52,4 cm, oku kungenza ububanzi bomhlaba bube ziikhilomitha ezingama-39.614,4. Oku kwenza ukuba kube lula ukubalwa ngempazamo engaphantsi kwe-1%. La manani kamva ahlengahlengiswa nguPosidonius kwiminyaka eli-150 kamva. Lo mzobo uphume kancinci kwaye ngulowo usetyenziswe nguPtolemy nalapho uChristopher Columbus ethembele ekubeni akwazi ukubonisa ukuba luncedo nokunyaniseka kohambo lwakhe.
Enye into eyafunyanwa ngu-Eratosthenes yayikukubala umgama ukusuka eMhlabeni uye eLangeni naseMhlabeni uye eNyangeni. UPtolemy nguye othi u-Eratosthenes wakwazi ukulinganisa ukutyekela kwe-axis yoMhlaba ngokuchanekileyo. Wayekwazi ukuqokelela idatha ethembekileyo nechanekileyo ye-23º51'15 ”.
Eminye imirhumo
Zonke iziphumo awayezifumanisa kwizifundo zakhe zazizishiya kwincwadi yakhe ebizwa ngokuba "Kwimilinganiselo yomhlaba". Okwangoku le ncwadi ilahlekile. Abanye ababhali abanjengo UCleomedes, uTheon waseSmirna kunye noStrabo babonakalisa kwimisebenzi yabo iinkcukacha zezi zibalo. Ngombulelo kwaba babhali ngenxa yokuba sinako ukufumana ulwazi oluyimfuneko malunga ne-Eratosthenes kunye nedatha yayo.
Ngayo yonke le nto siyibonileyo, ayinakuphikiswa malunga negalelo elikhulu elenziwa nguEratosthenes kwisayensi. Ukongeza kwezi zinto, wenza neminye imisebenzi emininzi, kubandakanya uyilo lwe ikhalenda yokutsiba kunye nekhathalogu eneenkwenkwezi ezingama-675 kunye nesigama sabo. Uye wakwazi nokuzoba indlela esuka kumNayile ukuya eKhartoum ngokuchanekileyo kubandakanya imithombo ethile. Ngamafutshane, kwakungafanelekanga ukuba nesiteketiso seBeta esasinaso nencinci ngentsingiselo yaso.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi luyakunceda ukuba wazi ngakumbi nge-Eratosthenes.