Kuzo zombini i-physics kunye ne-chemistry ingcinga isetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla aqulethwe emzimbeni. Sithetha nge enthalpy. Luhlobo lwemilinganiselo ebonisa ubungakanani bamandla equlethwe emzimbeni okanye kwinkqubo enomthamo othile, ophantsi koxinzelelo kwaye onokuthi utshintshisane nendalo. I-enthalpy yenkqubo imelwe ngoonobumba H kunye neyunithi yomzimba ehambelana nayo ukubonisa amaxabiso amandla yiJoule.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga nazo zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-enthalpy.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Singatsho ukuba i-enthalpy ilingana namandla angaphakathi anayo le nkqubo kunye namaxesha oxinzelelo yevolumu yenkqubo efanayo. Xa sibona ukuba amandla enkqubo, uxinzelelo kunye nevolumu yimisebenzi karhulumente, i-enthalpy nayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba, xa ixesha lifika, linokwenzeka kwiimeko ezithile zokuqala zokugqibela ukuze umahluko unokunceda ekufundeni yonke inkqubo.
Into yokuqala kukwazi ukuba yintoni i-enthalpy yoqeqesho. Imalunga nayo ukufudumeza ubushushu obulibalekileyo yinkqubo xa i-mole enye yemveliso iveliswa kwizinto eziqhelekileyo. La mazwe anokuqina, alulwelo okanye anerhasi okanye kwimeko yesisombululo. Isimo se-allotropic lelona lizwe lizinzileyo. Umzekelo, elona lizwe lizinzileyo le-allotropic elinekharbhonite, ukongeza ekubeni phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo apho amaxabiso oxinzelelo 1 i-atmosfera kunye nobushushu ngama-25 degrees.
Sigxininisa ukuba i-enthalpies yoqeqesho ngokwento esiyichazileyo yeyoku-1 ye-mole yemveliso evelisiweyo. Ngale ndlela, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani beemveliso ezikhoyo, impendulo iya kufuneka ihlengahlengiswe kunye namaqhekeza eefeni.
Uqeqesho enthalpy
Siyazi ukuba kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yeekhemikhali, i-enthalpy yokwakheka inokuba kokulungileyo nokubi. Le enthalpy ilungile xa impendulo iphela. Ukuba impendulo yamakhemikhali i-endothermic ithetha ukuba iyakwazi ukufumana ubushushu bendawo. Kwelinye icala, sine-enthalpy engalunganga xa impendulo isothusa. Ukuba impendulo yeekhemikhali iyothusa ukuba ikhupha ubushushu ukusuka kwinkqubo iye ngaphandle.
Ukuze kubekho impendulo eyoyikisayo, ama-reactants kufuneka abe namandla angaphezulu kuneemveliso. Ngokuchasene noko, ukuze impendulo yomzimba yenzeke ii-reactants kufuneka zibe namandla amancinci kuneemveliso. Ukuze i-equation yeekhemikhali yako konke oku ibhalwe kakuhle, kuyimfuneko ukuthobela umthetho wolondolozo lwento. Oko kukuthi, i-equation yemichiza kufuneka iqulethe ulwazi kwimeko yemeko yokuphendula kunye neemveliso. Oku kwaziwa njengelizwe lokudibanisa
Kuya kufuneka uhlale uyikhumbula loo nto Izinto ezicocekileyo zine-enthalpy yokwakheka okulingana no-zero. La maxabiso enthalpy afunyanwa phantsi kweemeko ezisemgangathweni, ezinje ngezi zichazwe apha ngasentla, nakwimo yazo ezinzileyo. Kwinkqubo yemichiza apho kukho izinto ezisabela kunye neemveliso, i-enthalpy yokuphendula ilingana ne-enthalpy yoqeqesho phantsi kweemeko ezisemgangathweni.
Siyazi ukuba i-enthalpy yexabiso lokwakheka kwezinto ezithile ezingaqhelekanga kunye neekhemikhali zemichiza imiselwe kwimeko ye-1 yomoya woxinzelelo kunye ne-25 degrees lobushushu.
Enthalpy yempendulo
Sele sichazile ukuba yintoni i-enthalpy yoqeqesho. Ngoku siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni i-enthalpy yokuphendula. Ngumsebenzi we-thermodynamic owanceda Bala ubushushu obufunyenwe okanye ubushushu obuhanjisiweyo ngexesha lokuphendula kwamachiza. Ibhalansi yomqeqeshi ifunwa, ihlala okanye ifumana zombini izixhobo kunye neemveliso. Enye yezinto ekufuneka zizalisekisiwe ukubala i-enthalpy yokuphendula kukuba impendulo ngokwayo kufuneka yenzeke kuxinzelelo rhoqo. Ngamanye amagama, ngalo lonke ixesha elithathayo ukuze kwenzeke imichiza, uxinzelelo kufuneka luhlale luhleli.
Siyazi ukuba i-enthalpy inemilinganiselo yamandla kwaye yiyo loo nto ilinganiswa kwiijoules. Ukuqonda ubudlelwane be-enthalpy kubushushu obutshintshiswa ngexesha lokuphendula kwamachiza Kuyimfuneko ukuba uye kumthetho wokuqala we-thermodynamics. Kwaye lo mthetho wokuqala usixelela ukuba ubushushu obutshintshisanayo kwinkqubo ye-thermodynamic bulingana nokwahluka kwamandla angaphakathi kwento okanye izinto ezichaphazelekayo kwinkqubo kunye nomsebenzi owenziwe zizinto ezichaziweyo ngexesha lenkqubo.
Siyazi ukuba zonke iimpendulo zamachiza aziyonto ngaphandle kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ze-thermodynamic ezenzeka kuxinzelelo oluthile. Amaxabiso oxinzelelo aqhelekileyo anikwa phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo zoxinzelelo lomoya. Ke ngoko, zonke iinkqubo ze-thermodynamic ezenzeka ngale ndlela zibizwa ngokuba yi-isobaric, kuba yenzeka koxinzelelo rhoqo.
Kuqhelekile ukubiza ubushushu be-enthalpy. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka icace gca ukuba ayifani nobushushu, kodwa kukutshintshiselana ngobushushu. Oko kukuthi, ayibobushushu obunokufundisa isifundo okanye ubushushu bangaphakathi obenziwa zii-reactants kunye neemveliso. Bubushushu obutshintshisanayo kwinkqubo yokuphendula ngamachiza.
Ubudlelwane kunye nobushushu
Ngokungafaniyo noko besikhe sathetha ngako ngaphambili, i-enthalpy ngumsebenzi welizwe. Xa sibala utshintsho lwe-enthalpy, ngenene sibala umahluko wemisebenzi emibini. Le misebenzi ihlala ixhomekeke ngokukodwa kwimeko yenkqubo. Le meko yenkqubo iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kumandla angaphakathi kunye nobungakanani benkqubo ngokwayo. Kuba siyazi ukuba uguqulelo luhlala luhleli kulo lonke uhlaselo lweekhemikhali, i-enthalpy yokuphendula ayikho enye into ngaphandle komsebenzi wombuso oxhomekeke kumandla angaphakathi kunye nomthamo.
Ke ngoko, sinokuyichaza i-enthalpy yama-reactants kwi-chemical reaction as sum of each of them. Kwelinye icala, sichaza into enye kodwa kwiimveliso njengesixa se-enthalpy yazo zonke iimveliso.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-enthalpy kunye neempawu zayo.