Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngesotopope esetyenziselwa ukuvelisa amandla enyukliya. Imalunga nayo deuterium. Ngenye yeentlobo ze-isotope ze-hydrogen kwaye imelwe luphawu D okanye 2H. Inikwe igama eliqhelekileyo i-hydrogen enzima kuba ubunzima buphindwe kabini kwiproton. I-isotope ayikho enye into ngaphandle kohlobo oluvela kwinto enye yemichiza kodwa inenani elihlukileyo lobunzima. I-Deuterium isetyenziselwa iinjongo ezahlukeneyo.
Ke ngoko, siza kulinikela eli nqaku ukuba likuxelele zonke iimpawu, ulwakhiwo, iipropathi kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-deuterium.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Umahluko phakathi kwe-deuterium kunye ne-hydrogen kungenxa yokwahluka kwenani lee-neutron elinalo. Ngesi sizathu, i-deuterium ithathwa njenge-isotope ezinzileyo kwaye inokufumaneka kwimixube eyenziwe yi-hydrogen yemvelaphi yendalo ngokupheleleyo. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba, nangona ziyimvelaphi yendalo, zivela kwinxalenye encinci. Ngenxa yeepropathi inokubakho ngokufana nehydrogen eqhelekileyo, inokuyifaka endaweni yayo iyonke kwindlela abasabela ngayo. Ngale ndlela, inokuguqulwa ibe zizinto ezilinganayo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu nezinye izizathu, i-deuterium inenani elikhulu lezicelo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi. Kule minyaka ibe yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kuphando kunye nenkqubela phambili kwitekhnoloji kunye nolwazi.
Isakhiwo esiphambili sale isotope senziwe yinusus ene-proton kunye ne-neutron. Inobunzima be-athomu malunga ne-2,014 gram. Le isotope yafunyanwa kubulelwa uHarold C. Urey, usokhemisi ovela eMelika, kunye nababesebenza naye uFerdinand Brickwedde noGeorge Murphy, ngo-1931. Sele ikwi-1933s xa isigaba esiqinileyo esibonisa uzinzo olukhulu, esaziwa njenge-lithium deuteride, saqala ukusetyenziswa. Le nto inokutshintsha i-deuterium kunye ne-tritium kwinani elikhulu lokuphendula kwamachiza.
Inkqubela phambili kwisayensi yenzeka xa kufunyenwe into enokuququzelela ukuphendulwa kwemichiza ukuze kuveliswe iimveliso. Ngale ndlela, ukuba ufunde ubuninzi beli isotopu ukuze ukwazi ukubona izinto ezithile. Kuyaziwa ukuba inani le-deuterium emanzini yahluka kancinane kuxhomekeka kwindawo apho isampulu ithathwe khona. Kukho izifundo ezibonakalayo Ndizimisele ukubakho kwesi isotope kwezinye iiplanethi kumnyele wethu. Oku kunokuba kubaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni ukubunjwa kwamanye amazulu.
Ulwakhiwo kunye nemvelaphi ye-deuterium
Siza kuzazi iinyani malunga nedeuterium. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, umahluko ophambili phakathi kweehydro isotopu zilele kubume bazo. Kwaye i-hydrogen, i-deuterium kunye ne-tritium inezixa ezahlukeneyo zeeproton kunye nee-neutron, ke zineempawu ezahlukeneyo zemichiza. Kuya kufuneka ndithathele ingqalelo into yokuba i-deuterium ekhoyo ngaphakathi kweminye imizimba ye-stellar iyasuswa ngesantya esikhulu kunokuba ibivela. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kutheni kunzima kangaka ukufunda ubukho be-deuterium kwimizimba yeenkwenkwezi.
Ezinye izinto zendalo zithathwa njengeziya zincinci deuterium, ke imveliso yayo iyaqhubeka ukuvelisa umdla omkhulu namhlanje. Ukusuka kwipesenti esele siyikhankanyile malunga nobukho be-deuterium kwindalo, ayisi-0.02%. Uthotho lophando lwenzululwazi luveze ukuba uninzi lweeathom eziye zenziwa nge-deuterium ngokwendalo zivela kuqhushumbo olukhokelele kwimvelaphi yendalo yonke eyaziwa ngokuba yi Isandi esikhulu. Esi sesinye sezizathu eziphambili zokuba i-deuterium kucingelwa ukuba ikhona kwiiplanethi ezinkulu ezinje ngeJupiter.
Eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokufumana le isotope ngokwendalo kuxa zidityaniswe nehydrogen. Xa oku kusenzeka, iya kudityaniswa ngohlobo lweprotium. Izazinzulu zinomdla wokwazi ubudlelwane obusekwe phakathi kwenani le i-deuterium kunye ne-hydrogen kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesayensi. Kufundwa ngokubanzi kumasebe esayensi afana ne-astronomy okanye iklimatology. Kula masebe inezinto ezithile eziluncedo zokwazi nokuqonda indalo kunye nomoya ojikeleze umhlaba.
Iipropathi zedeuterium
Siza kwazi ukuba yeyiphi eyona nto iphambili kule isotope yehydrogen. Into yokuqala ekufuneka yenziwe kukwazi ukuba yintoni i-isotope engenazo iimpawu ze-radioactive. Oku kuthetha ukuba izinzile indalo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukubuyisela i-hydrogen kwiikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuzinza okukhulu ngokwendalo, ibonisa isimilo esahlukileyo kwihydrogen eqhelekileyo. Oku kwenzeka kuzo zonke iimpendulo ezinobume bendalo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba wazi ngaphambi kokufaka endaweni, ukuba nangona inokufikeleleka ngokutshintsha i-hydrogen deuterium kwiikhemikhali, kufuneka yaziwe ukuba iya kuba nokuziphatha okwahlukileyo.
Xa ubeka endaweni iiathom ezibini zehydrojini emanzini, unokufumana ikhompawundi eyaziwa ngokuba ngamanzi anzima. I-hydrogen ekhoyo elwandle kwaye ikwimo ye-deuterium izisa kuphela umyinge we-0,016% ngokunxulumene neprotium. Kwindalo iphela, le isotope inomdla wokudibanisa ngokukhawuleza ukunika i-helium. Ukuba sidibanisa i-deuterium kunye neatom oksijini siyabona ukuba iba luhlobo olunetyhefu. Ngaphandle koku, kunye neekhemikhali iipropathi okanye ezifanayo kakhulu nehydrogen.
Enye yeepropathi zale isotopu kukuba xa iiathom zedeuterium ziphantsi kwenkqubo ye-fusion yenyukliya kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, amandla amakhulu anokukhutshwa. Yimfuduko leyo, ufunde ukuze ube nakho ukumilisela ukudibana kwenyukliya kwiplanethi yethu. Ezinye iipropathi ezibonakalayo ezinjengendawo yokubilisa, ubushushu bomphunga, indawo ephindwe kathathu kunye noxinano sinobukhulu obukhulu kunobo be-hydrogen.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-deuterium kunye neempawu zayo.