El chicxulub crater yimpembelelo yecrater ebekwe kufutshane nedolophu yase Chicxulub kuSingasiqithi weYucatan eMexico. Inobubanzi be-180 km kwaye yafunyanwa ngo-1970 ngu-Antonio Camargo kunye noGlenn Penfield. Ukusukela ngoko, iye yaphononongwa ngoosonzululwazi abaninzi abasebenzela inkampani yeoyile yaseMexico ephantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente bekhangela idipozithi yeoli. Yeyesithathu ngobukhulu icrater yohlobo lwayo kwisijikelezi-langa siphela.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-crater ye-Chicxulub.
Historia
I-crater ikufuphi nedolophu yaseChicxulub kwi-Yucatan Peninsula yaseMexico, kwi-19 ° 18' yesibanzi esisemazantsi kunye ne-127 ° 46' ubude bempuma. Nge ububanzi beemitha ezili-180 kunye nobunzulu obumalunga ne-900 yeemitha, yeyesithathu ngobukhulu impembelelo yecrater eMhlabeni. Ngokophando, imiqondiso yokuqala yale crater yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1960s, utshilo uJaime Urrutia Fucugauchi, umphandi kwiZiko leGeophysics yeAutonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), owaqinisekisa ukuba emva kokuphonononga umhlaba ongaphantsi kweGulf of Mexico. , kwi-Yucatan Peninsula Ezinye ii-anomalies zomxhuzulane zifunyenwe kwi-carbonate layer.
Ngokungafani nezakhiwo eziqhelekileyo ze-geological ezinemilo engaqhelekanga, imifanekiso ibonakala njengesetyhula kunye neepateni ezigxininisiweyo. Nangona ubukhulu bayo, ayizange ifunyanwe kude kube yi-1970 yi-geophysicists uAntonio Camargo kunye noGlenn Penfield ngexesha lophando lweoli.
U-Penfield uhlolisise ulwazi oluqokelelwe kumantla eYucatan kwaye wafumana i-arch engaphantsi komhlaba elinganayo ngokumangalisayo kwi-70-kilometer-diameter-ringi yeringi. Iingcali zeGeophysicist zafumana iimephu zotyikityo lomxhuzulane wepeninsula ezenziwe ngoo-1960.
I-Penfield ifumene enye i-arch, nangona le yayikwi-peninsula yaseYucatan kunye nencopho yayo ekhomba emantla. Ethelekisa ezi mephu zimbini, wafumanisa ukuba ii-arcs ezimbini (enye kwimephu ye-1960 kunye naleyo ayifumeneyo) yenze isangqa kwiikhilomitha ezili-180 ububanzi kunye neziko layo elikufutshane kakhulu nedolophu yaseChicxulub.
Imeko yeChicxulub crater
Iingcali ze-Geophysicists ziphantse zaqiniseka ukuba le nto ingaqhelekanga ye-geophysical ye-Yucatan Peninsula yabangelwa yintlekele ngexesha elithile kwimbali yokwakheka komhlaba, eyathi. isukela emva kwexesha lasekupheleni kweCretaceous, malunga ne-65 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Imeteorite iqikelelwa malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ububanzi, ngoko yathi yakungqubana yenza icrater enobubanzi obuyi-180 yeekhilomitha, ikhupha amandla aqikelelwa kwi-4,3 × 10²³ joules, okulingana malunga ne-191.793 yegigatons ye-TNT (dynamite) ngexesha lempembelelo. .
Impembelelo yabangela itsunami enkulu kuwo onke amacala eyatshabalalisa isiqithi saseCuba. Uthuli kunye nokukhutshwa kwesuntswana kubangela utshintsho kwimo engqongileyo olugubungela ngokupheleleyo umphezulu womhlaba ngamafu othuli.
Olu landelelwano lungqamana nengqikelelo yengcali yefiziksi yaseMelika uLuis Walter Alvarez kunye nonyana wakhe ingcali yokwakheka komhlaba uWalter Alvarez malunga nokuphela kweedayinaso, abakholelwa ukuba yayinokubethwa yimeteorite enobu bukhulu. Le ngcamango yamkelwa ngokubanzi luluntu lwezenzululwazi.
Obona bungqina buphambili bubucwebe obucekethekileyo obusasazekileyo be-iridium kulo mda wejoloji kwihlabathi jikelele. Iridium yintsimbi enqabileyo eMhlabeni, kodwa ininzi kwiimeteorites. Esi siphumo sicingelwa ukuba siyinxalenye okanye konke ukuphela phakathi kwexesha leCretaceous kunye neTertiary.
I-crater ibe ngumxholo wezifundo ze-geochemical, uhlalutyo olungundoqo, i-electron microscopy kunye ne-stratigraphy, phakathi kwezinye, eziye zakhokelela kwiingcamango ezinamandla, kubandakanywa nokuba iprojectile kufuneka ibe malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ububanzi kwaye ingene kwi-peninsula ye-stratigraphic. Umhlaba ngesantya seekhilomitha ezili-10 ngomzuzwana.
Kumele ukuba ibe yintlupheko yesantya esiphezulu, kuba yindlela yodwa yokuchaza into eseleyo kwizinto eziphathekayo, kwaye kukho ubungqina bokuba ukushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwempembelelo ebangele ukunyibilika.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-crater igcinwe kakuhle, ubunzima kukuba akusiyo isitya, kodwa enye eyahlukileyo, enokuthi ichazwe njengoluhlu lwamakhonkco agxininisiweyo, umzekeliso ogqibeleleyo kucinga njengokuphosa ilitye emanzini kunye nendandatho kwaye i-convex esembindini, eyaziwa kwi-geophysics njengokuphakama kwesakhiwo esisembindini.
Igqunywe ziikhilomitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-3 zentlenga, lokanye ukuba ngokungathandabuzekiyo inceda ukukhusela, nangona ingaphantsi kwamanzi, eye yaqinisekiswa yimilinganiselo yomxhuzulane eyenziwe yinqanawa yophando yaseMaurice Ewing.
Emva kokuhlalutya ukwakheka kwe-crater, siyazi ukuba inemigangatho emine ebonisa ukuqhubeka kweziganeko ezenzekayo: umaleko ongaphantsi ngaphambi kongquzulwano uqulethe ii-microfossils eziqhelekileyo zexesha leCretaceous; kwalandela umaleko wezinto ezikhutshiweyo ngexesha longquzulwano; ngaphezulu kwayo, ngumaleko owenziwe ziintsalela ze "fireball" kwaye ekugqibeleni intlenga emva kwentlekele.
Iifosili kuluhlu lokuqala nolokugqibela zahlukile, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uhlobo lutshintshile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi komgangatho we-pyrosphere kunye nomgca ohambelanayo kwi-Cenozoic, kukho indawo ngaphandle kwe-fossil, ebizwa ngokuthi "ulwandle olungenanto", oluluphawu lwexesha lolwandle. Ukubuyiselwa koBomi kunye ne-Ecosystems
Iimfihlakalo zeChicxulub Crater
Uninzi lweemfihlakalo zeChicxulub Crater zihlala zingcwatyiwe. IMexico icele iUNESCO ukuba iyiqaphele le crater. Incinci kakhulu into ebonwa ngabakhenkethi kuba ifuthe lisusela kwakudala.
Abakhenkethi bandwendwela enye yeendawo ezimbalwa ezisekho, iicenotes ezinomtsalane apho unokuqubha phakathi kweentlanzi kunye neengcambu ezijingayo zemithi, kodwa abaqondi ukuba ezi mpawu zokwakheka komhlaba zikhona kuphela ngenxa yokuba zenziwe ngelitye lekalika elithambileyo. U-Ocampo uyindwendwele le ndawo izihlandlo ezininzi, kodwa ukholelwa ukuba bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuba ibaluleke kangakanani na. Yindawo ekhethekileyo kwisijikelezi-langa sethu. Yiyo ngokwenene kwaye kufuneka igcinwe njengeLifa leMveli leHlabathi
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neChicxulub crater kunye neempawu zayo.
Yiba ngowokuqala ukuphawula