Bose-Einstein condensate

iimpawu ze-bose einstein condensate

Umbandela unokufunyanwa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezidityanisiweyo, phakathi kwazo apho sifumana izinto eziqinileyo, iirhasi, kunye nolwelo; nangona kunjalo, kukho ezinye iindidi zamazwe angaziwayo, enye yazo eyaziwa ngokuba Bose-Einstein condensate, ithathwa ngamachiza amaninzi, izazinzulu kunye neefiziksi njengemeko yesihlanu yezinto.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein, iimpawu zayo, usetyenziso kunye nokunye okuninzi.

Yintoni iBose-Einstein condensate

i-bose-einstein condensate

I-Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) yimeko ye-aggregate ye-matter, njengeemeko eziqhelekileyo: igesi, i-liquid kunye neqinile, kodwa Yenzeka kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu, asondele kakhulu ku-zero.

Iqulathe amasuntswana abizwa ngokuba zii-bosons, apho kula maqondo obushushu, ahlala kweyona ndawo isezantsi yamandla equantum eyaziwa ngokuba yi-ground state. UAlbert Einstein wakuxela kwangaphambili oku ngo-1924 emva kokufunda iphepha kwizibalo zefoton ezithunyelwe kuye yingcali yefiziksi yaseIndiya uSatyendra Bose.

Akukho lula ukufumana amaqondo obushushu afunekayo ukwenza iBose-Einstein condensates elabhoratri, isizathu sokuba kude kube ngowe-1995 kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba kubekho iteknoloji efunekayo. Ngaloo nyaka, i-American physicists u-Eric Cornell noCarl Wieman kunye ne-German physicist uWolfgang Ketterle bakwazi ukujonga i-condensates yokuqala ye-Bose-Einstein. Izazinzulu zaseColorado zasebenzisa i-rubidium-87, ngelixa uKeitel wayifumana ngegesi exutywe kakhulu yeeathom zesodium.

Ngenxa yokuba olu vavanyo lwavula umnyango wecandelo elitsha lophononongo lweempawu zematha, uKettler, uCornell, noWieman bafumana iBhaso likaNobel lowama-2001. Kungenxa kanye ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi kakhulu apho iiathom zegesi ezineempawu ezithile zenza imeko eyalelweyo, yonke into lawula ukufumana amandla afanayo ancitshisiweyo kunye nomfutho, engenzekiyo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

imo yesihlanu yomba

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, into ayinayo kuphela imimandla emithathu esisiseko yolwelo, eqinileyo, kunye negesi, kodwa ngokuchaseneyo, kukho imo yesine kunye neyesihlanu eyi-plasmatic kunye ne-ionized. I-Bose-Einstein condensate yenye yezi ndawo kwaye ineempawu ezininzi:

  • Yimeko edityanisiweyo eyenziwe yingqokelela yeebhosni ezingamasuntswana asisiseko.
  • Kuthathwa njengemeko yesihlanu yokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ezinokuthatha.
  • Yaqala ukubonwa ngo-1995, ngoko isentsha kakhulu.
  • Inenkqubo yocondensation ekufutshane no-zero ngokupheleleyo.
  • Ilulwelo olukhulu, nto leyo ethetha ukuba inamandla esixhobo sokuphelisa ukukhuhlana.
  • I-superconducting kwaye ayinakuxhathisa umbane.
  • Ikwabizwa ngokuba yiquantum ice cube.

Imvelaphi yeBose-Einstein condensate

super photon

Xa irhasi ivalelwe kwisikhongozeli, amasuntswana enza irhasi aqhele ukugcinwa kumgama owaneleyo omnye komnye kangangokuba kukho ukusebenzisana okuncinci kakhulu, ngaphandle kokungqubana ngamanye amaxesha kunye neendonga zesitya. Yiyo loo nto imodeli eyaziwayo yegesi ifumaneka.

Nangona kunjalo, amasuntswana akwisiphithiphithi esisisigxina se-thermal, kwaye iqondo lobushushu yiparameter eqinisekileyo yesantya: okukhona iqondo lobushushu liphezulu, kokukhona zihamba ngokukhawuleza. Nangona isantya sesuntswana ngalinye sinokuhluka, isantya esiphakathi kwenkqubo sihlala sihlala sihleli kwiqondo lobushushu elinikiweyo.

Inyaniso elandelayo ebalulekileyo kukuba umbandela uneentlobo ezimbini zamasuntswana: i-fermions kunye ne-bosons, eyahlula ngokujikeleza (i-intrinsic angular momentum), eyi-quantum ngokupheleleyo kwindalo. Umzekelo, ii-electron zi-fermions ezine-half-integer spins, ngelixa i-bosons ine-integer spins, eyenza ukuziphatha kwabo kwezibalo kwahluke.

I-Fermions ithanda ukuhluka kwaye ke ngoko thobela umgaqo kaPauli wokukhutshelwa ngaphandle, ngokutsho ukuba iiferm ezimbini kwi-athom azinakuba nemeko yobungakanani obufanayo. Esi sizathu sokuba kutheni ii-electron zikwi-orbitals ezahlukeneyo ze-athomu kwaye ngoko azihlali kwi-quantum state efanayo.

I-Bosons, kwelinye icala, ayiwuthobeli umgaqo we-repulsion kwaye ngenxa yoko ayinakuchasa ukuhlala kwi-quantum state efanayo. Inxalenye enzima yovavanyo kukugcina inkqubo ipholile ngokwaneleyo ukuze i-de Broglie wavelength ihlale iphezulu.

Izazinzulu zaseColorado zifezekise oku ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yokupholisa ngelaser ebandakanya ukubetha iisampulu zeathom entloko ngemiqadi yelaser emithandathu, kubangele ukuba banciphise ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngaloo ndlela banciphise kakhulu ukuphazamiseka kwabo kwe-thermal.

Iiathom ezicothayo, ezipholileyo zivaleleke kumhlaba wemagnethi, nto leyo evumela iiathom ezikhawulezayo ukuba zibaleke ziyokupholisa ngakumbi inkqubo. Iiathomu ezivalelwe ngale ndlela zikwazile ukwenza ibhulubhu encinci yeBose-Einstein condensate ixesha elifutshane, elihlala ixesha elide ngokwaneleyo ukuba lirekhodwe kumfanekiso.

Izicelo

Esinye sezicelo ezithembisayo zeBose-Einstein condensate ingaphakathi ukudalwa kwezixhobo ezichanekileyo zokulinganisa ixesha kunye nokufumanisa amaza obunzima. Ngenxa yokuba iiathom ezikwi-condensate zishukuma njengento enye, zichaneke ngakumbi kunewotshi yeathom eqhelekileyo kwaye zinokusetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ixesha ngokuchaneka ngendlela engazange ibonwe ngaphambili.

Omnye umba apho le meko yesihlanu inokusetyenziswa kukucomputing quantum, enokuvumela ukwenziwa kweekhompyuter ezinamandla kakhulu kwaye zisebenza kakuhle kunezo zangoku. Iiathom ezikwi-condensate zinokusetyenziswa njengeequbhithi, iibhloko zokwakha ezisisiseko ze-quantum computer, kunye neempawu zazo ze-quantum zinokwenza izibalo ezikhawulezayo nezichane ngakumbi kunokuba kunokwenzeka ngeekhompyuter eziqhelekileyo. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho intetho eninzi malunga neekhompyuter ze-quantum kule mihla.

Ukongeza, i-condensate ye-Bose-Einstein iphinda isetyenziswe kuphando lwefiziksi kunye nokudala izinto ezintsha ezineempawu ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, isetyenzisiwe dala izixhobo ze-superconducting ezinokuguqula ishishini lombane kwaye uvumele ukudalwa kwezixhobo ezisebenza kakuhle kakhulu nezinamandla.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Bose-Einstein condensate, iimpawu zayo kunye nokusetyenziswa.


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