Ngobusuku bentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, nawuphi na umntu obukeleyo kwi-hemisphere esemantla woMhlaba uya kuqaphela inkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo phezulu esibhakabhakeni: e-orenji ebalaseleyo, edla ngokubhidaniswa noMars. Ngaba IArcturus, eyona nkwenkwezi iqaqambileyo kwikroza leBootes. Yaziwa ngokuba yeyona nkwenkwezi iqaqambileyo kwisibhakabhaka sonke esisemantla.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi ngeArcturus, iimpawu zayo kunye nezinto ezinomdla.
IArcturus, eyona nkwenkwezi iqaqambileyo kuwo wonke umntla wezulu
Baqikelela ukuba iArcturus yinkwenkwezi enkulu elumkisa ngento eza kwenzeka elangeni kwiminyaka emalunga ne-5 yeebhiliyoni. Ubungakanani obukhulu be-Arcturus sisiphumo sokujikeleza kwangaphakathi kwenkwenkwezi, okusisiphumo sobudala bayo. Iipesenti ezingama-90 zeenkwenkwezi esizibona esibhakabhakeni zidinga kuphela ukuzikhathaza ngokwenza into enye: guqula i-hydrogen ibe yi-helium. Xa iinkwenkwezi zisenza oku, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zithi "kwindawo ephambili yokulandelelana." Ilanga lenza loo nto kanye. Nangona ubushushu obuphezulu belanga ingaphantsi kwama-6.000 ngokukaCelsius (okanye i-5.770 Kelvin ukuba ichaneke), ubushushu bayo obuphambili bufikelela kwi-40 yezigidi zeedigri, ngenxa yokusabela kwe-nyukliya fusion. Undoqo ukhula kancinci kancinci, uqokelela i-helium kuyo.
Ukuba silinda iminyaka eyi-5 yezigidigidi, ummandla ongaphakathi welanga, owona mmandla ushushu, uya kukhula ngokwaneleyo ukwandisa umaleko wangaphandle njengebhaluni yomoya oshushu. Umoya oshushu okanye igesi iya kuthatha umthamo omkhulu kwaye ilanga liya kuba yinkwenkwezi enkulu ebomvu. Ukujonga ubunzima bayo, iArcturus ithatha umthamo omkhulu. Ubuninzi bayo bungaphantsi kwe-0,0005 yobuninzi belanga.
Ukutshintsha kombala wenkwenkwezi ekhulayo kubangelwa ukuba ingundoqo ngoku inyanzelekile ukutshisa indawo enkulu, efana ne-comet ezama ukutshisa amaxesha alikhulu kunye ne-burner efanayo. Ngoko ke, ubushushu bomhlaba buyancipha kwaye iinkwenkwezi zijika zibebomvu. Ukukhanya okubomvu kuhambelana nokuhla kobushushu obuphezulu malunga ne-4000 Kelvin okanye ngaphantsi. Ngokuchanekileyo, ubushushu bomphezulu we-Arcturus yi-4.290 degrees Kelvin. I-spectrum ye-Arcturus yahlukile kwi-Sun, kodwa ifana kakhulu ne-spectrum ye-sunspot. I-Sunspots yimimandla "ebandayo" yeLanga, ngoko oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-Arcturus yinkwenkwezi epholileyo.
Iimpawu zeArcturus
Xa inkwenkwezi ikhula ngokukhawuleza, uxinzelelo lokucinezela i-core luya kunika kancinci, kwaye ke isikhungo seenkwenkwezi siya "kuvala" okwethutyana. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhanya okuvela kwi-Arcturus kwakuqaqambile kunokuba bekulindelwe. Abanye abantu babheja ukuba oku kuthetha ukuba undoqo ngoku kwakhona "uvuselelwe" ngokudibanisa i-helium kwikhabhoni. Ewe, ngalo mzekelo, ngoku siyazi ukuba kutheni i-Arcturus idumbile: ubushushu buyayigqithisa. I-Arcturus iphantse ibe yi-30 ngobukhulu kunelanga kwaye, ngokumangalisayo, ubunzima bayo buphantse bufane ne-Astro Rey. Abanye baqikelela ukuba umgangatho wayo unyuke nge-50%.
Ngokwethiyori, inkwenkwezi evelisa ikhabhoni kwi-helium kwi-reaction ye-nyukliya ye-fusion ayinakukwazi ukubonisa umsebenzi wamagnetic njengelanga, kodwa i-Arcturus iya kukhupha ii-X-rays ezithambileyo, ebonisa ukuba inesithsaba esifihlakeleyo esiqhutywa yimagnethi.
inkwenkwezi yasemzini
IArcturus yeyehalo yeMilky Way. Iinkwenkwezi ezikuMyezo welanga azihambi kwinqwelo-moya ekwiMilky Way njengelanga, kodwa indlela ezijikeleza ngayo ikwinqwelo-moya ethambekele kakhulu enemibhobhozo. Oku kunokuchaza ukuhamba kwayo ngokukhawuleza esibhakabhakeni. Ilanga lilandela ukujikeleza kweMilky Way, ngelixa iArcturus ingayilandeli. Omnye umntu wabonisa ukuba i-Arcturus inokuba ivela komnye umnyele yaza yangqubana neMilky Way ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-5 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo. Ubuncinci ezinye iinkwenkwezi ezingama-52 zibonakala zikwindlela efana neArcturus. Baziwa ngokuba yi "Arcturus group."
Yonke imihla, iArcturus isondele kwisixokelelwano sethu selanga, kodwa ayisondeli. Ngoku isondela malunga neekhilomitha ezi-5 ngomzuzwana. Isiqingatha sesigidi seminyaka eyadlulayo, yayiyinkwenkwezi yobukhulu besithandathu eyayiphantse ingabonakali, ngoku Isiya ngaseVirgo ngesantya esingaphezu kwe-120 yeekhilomitha ngomzuzwana.
I-Bootes, i-El Boyero, liqela leenkwenkwezi elisentla ekulula ukulifumana, likhokelwa yeyona nkwenkwezi iqaqambileyo kwikroza le-Ursa Major. Phantse wonke umntu uyakwazi ukubona umzobo wepani yokuqhotsa ozoba phakathi komqolo kunye nomsila weBig Dipper. Umqheba wale pan yokuqhotsa ukhomba kwicala leArcturus. Yeyona nkwenkwezi ikhazimlayo kwelo cala. Abanye abalandeli "bobudala obutsha" bakholelwa ukuba kukho ama-Arcturians, uhlanga lwasemzini oluhambele phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Noko ke, ukuba bekukho inkqubo yesijikelezi-langa ejikeleza le nkwenkwezi, ngeyayifunyenwe kudala.
Imbali ethile
I-Arcturus ifudumeza umhlaba njengedangatye lekhandlela kumgama oziikhilomitha ezisi-8. Kodwa masingalibali ukuba iphantse ibe yi-40 light years kude nathi. Ukuba sitshintsha ilanga ngeArcturus, amehlo ethu aya kulibona ngokuphindwe kayi-113 kwaye ulusu lwethu luya kufudumala ngokukhawuleza. Ukuba yenziwe ngemitha ye-infrared sibona ukuba ikhanya ngokuphindwe ka-215 kunelanga. Xa kuthelekiswa ukukhanya kwayo yonke kunye nokukhanya kwayo okubonakalayo (ubukhulu), kuqikelelwa ukuba yiminyaka engama-37 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni. Ukuba ubushushu bomphezulu bunxulumene nobungakanani bemitha yelanga obuvelisayo, ububanzi buqikelelwa ukuba buzizigidi ezingama-36 zeekhilomitha, nto leyo ephindwe ngama-26 ngaphezu kweLanga.
I-Arcturus yinkwenkwezi yokuqala ukuba ibekwe emini ngoncedo lweteleskopu. Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi esiphumeleleyo yayinguJean-Baptiste Morin, owasebenzisa iteleskopu encinane ephindaphindayo ngowe-1635. Sinokuluphinda olu lingelo ngononophelo olukhulu, siphepha nangayiphi na indlela ukukhomba iteleskopu kufutshane nelanga. Umhla ochaziweyo wokuzama lo msebenzi ngu-Okthobha.
Ngokubhekiselele kwiinkwenkwezi ezingasemva, intshukumo ye-Arcturus iyamangalisa: i-arc yee-intshi ezi-2,29 ngonyaka. Phakathi kwezona nkwenkwezi ziqaqambileyo, nguAlpha Centauri kuphela ohamba ngokukhawuleza. Owokuqala ukuqaphela ukunyakaza kwe-Arcturus ngu-Edmond Halley ngo-1718. Kukho izinto ezimbini ezenza ukuba inkwenkwezi ibonise intshukumo efanelekileyo ebalulekileyo: isantya sayo esiphezulu sokwenyani ngokubhekiselele kwindawo eyingqongileyo kunye nokusondela kwayo kwisixokelelwano sethu selanga. I-Arcturus ihlangabezana nazo zombini ezi meko.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Arcturus kunye neempawu zayo.