Ehlabathini lonke kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba. Ezi ntlobo zemihlaba ziyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kubume bazo, ngokwasemzimbeni nangokwakheka kweekhemikhali, ubunzulu bazo, iporosity, ukuthambeka kombala kunye nombala, phakathi kwezinye izinto. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngohlobo lomhlaba olubizwa andosol. Luhlobo lomhlaba wentaba-mlilo owenziwe ngothuthu lwentaba-mlilo nakwiglasi, kunye nezinye izinto ezenziwe ngepiroclastic.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu kunye neepropathi i-andosol inayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Luhlobo lomhlaba olukhula kumhlaba wentaba-mlilo. Xa besebancinci banombala omnyama kwaye banomdla kakhulu. Le porosity ibangelwa luhlobo lwelitye elenziwe kulo. Njengoko sisazi, Umhlaba ubukhulu becala ubunjwe sisiseko. Iliwa beliqhekeka kwaye litshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha kunye nesenzo esahlukileyo iiarhente zejoloji. Kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwearhente yejoloji ebonakalayo kwindawo kunye neempawu zokwakheka komhlaba oxeliweyo, siya kuba nohlobo oluthile okanye olunye.
I-Andosol ngumhlaba onokungena okuphezulu, isakhiwo esihle kwaye kulula ukuwutshixa. Inokuchuma okubonakalayo nangona inezithintelo xa kufikwa ekusebenziseni kwezolimo. Nangona kunjalo, ngumhlaba osetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwicandelo lezolimo nanini na iimeko zoncedo zivuma. Indawo yolu hlobo lomhlaba ngokubanzi kwiingingqi ezinoluhlobo lwentaba-mlilo esebenzayo.
Ngokwesiqhelo le mihlaba ithathwa njengethamsanqa kwinkcubeko nakubantu abaphuhlayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba le mpucuko inokuhlala kulo mhlaba ngaphandle kwemingcipheko yendalo enokuba sisoyikiso kuba inqanaba elifanelekileyo lokuchuma. Ukuba sihlalutya uxinizelelo lwamaziko asezidolophini kunye nabantu abasaphuhlayo, njengamazwe oMzantsi Merika, sinokubona ukuba imimango yeentaba zeAndes ineentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo kwaye zinqamlezwe yimimandla emincinci kakhulu echumileyo efana namahlathi akweleenjiko.
I-andosol ngulo mhlaba une-Vitric okanye i-Anndic horizon. Ezi zinto ziphakamileyo ziqala ngeesentimitha ezingama-25 ubunzulu ngenxa yomphezulu womhlaba. Ayinayo enye i-horizons yoxilongo ngaphandle kokuba ingcwatywa zizidalwa okanye eminye imihlaba kwaye ihlala ivela kubunzulu obumalunga neesentimitha ezingama-50.
Inkcazo eneenkcukacha yeandosol
Le yimihlaba ethambekele kumbala omnyama kunye nokuma komhlaba wentaba-mlilo ngokupheleleyo. Izinto zomzali ikakhulu luthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, nangona nayo inokwenziwa ngayo tuffs, pumice, ash kunye nezinye i-ecta volcanic. Imeko-bume yale mihlaba ihlala ijikelezwe zizinto ezingashukumiyo ezisezintabeni. Ifuna ukufuma, iarctic ukuya kwimimandla yetropiki eneentlobo ezininzi zezityalo. Luluhlu olubanzi lwezityalo oluvumela umhlaba ukuba ubenqanaba eliphezulu lezakhamzimba.
Ngokubhekisele kuphuhliso lweprofayile yalo mhlaba, ihlala ineprofayili ye-AC okanye yeABC. Umaleko B walo mhlaba uxhomekeke kubunzulu bawo. Ngokwesiqhelo lo mmandla wokutshintsha kubunzulu uhlala uthande ukubakho kuloo mihlaba inobumba obuninzi ngakumbi. Ngumhlaba onemozulu ekhawulezayo ehlala kuyo Utshintsho oluphezulu lwe-biogeochemical ngenxa yezinto zento ezinokuthambeka. Ezi zinto zinobushushu kakhulu kwaye zikhokelela kuqokelelo lwezixhobo ezizinzileyo zombini izinto eziphilayo kunye nezamaminerali ezinje nge-imogolite kunye ne-ferrihydrite.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye nokwenziwa kwe-andosol
Enye yezona zinto zisetyenziselwa i-andosol kulimo. Ukuba luhlobo lomhlaba okwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuchuma, usetyenziselwa ukukhulisa iintlobo ngeentlobo zezityalo. Olona thintelo lukhulu silikhankanyileyo ngasentla linamandla amakhulu okugcina i-phosphorus ngendlela engafumanekiyo. Oko kukuthi, ngumhlaba okwaziyo ukuba nenqanaba eliphezulu le-phosphorus kodwa engenakusetyenziswa okanye ifunyaniswe ziingcambu zezityalo. Oku kuyenza ukuba ibe ngumhlaba ohlwempuzekileyo okoko, nangona inexabiso elincomekayo lezondlo, ayinakusetyenziswa sisityalo. Kananjalo uninzi lwale mihlaba lufumaneka kwiindawo ezinje ngobunzulu bendawo.
Xa umhlaba ukwiindawo ezinoncedo olukhulu kunye neendawo ezinyukeleyo, uhlala usisithintelo unikezelwa ngenjongo yokuwulima. Ukuba umhlaba unokukhululeka okubonakalayo, awuzukusasazwa ngokufanelekileyo kwiiprofayili kunye nakwiindawo ezikude apho izondlo eziyimfuneko ukubonelela isityalo zifunyenwe. Kwakhona, kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukumpompoza kwemvula. Kwindawo ethambekileyo, imvula ivelisa imvula enkulu eza kuthi ekugqibeleni iphele itsala inxenye enkulu yeeprofayili ezinenqanaba eliphezulu lezakhamzimba ukuze isivuno sikhule kakuhle.
Olu hlobo lomhlaba lubonakaliswe ngobukho be-Andic horizon okanye i-Vitric horizon. Ezo ndidi zeAndean zityebile kwizimbiwa ezifana neAlofan kwaye zineendawo eziphezulu zehumus kunye nealuminium ngelixa uphakamo lweVitric luqukethe iglasi yentaba-mlilo ngobuninzi.
Ukwenziwa kolu hlobo lomhlaba luxhomekeke ikakhulu kwi- imozulu yemichiza ekhawulezayo, iporosity, ukugqobhoza, isixa sezinto ezicolekileyo, kunye nobukho bezinto eziphilayo. Zonke ezi zinto zixabisekileyo zezi zichaza uhlobo lomhlaba oza kwenziwa kumhlaba othile.
Propiedades
Kwiimpawu ze-morphological ye-andosol eqhelekileyo sifumana ii-AC okanye ii-ABC. Umjikelo wokuqala uhlala umnyama kakhulu kwaye umanzi kunabanye. Umxholo wezinto eziphilayo kulo mmandla ujikeleze iipesenti ezisi-8 nangona zinokufumaneka ukuya kuthi ga kwiipesenti ezingama-30 kwizinto eziphilayo.
Uninzi lwale mihlaba lunemithombo elungileyo yangaphakathi ngenxa yokuphakama kwayo okuphezulu. Ke, Yimihlaba enomdla kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo yokunkcenkceshela ngokufanelekileyo. Le porosity ye-thermal ithintela amanzi emvula ekuqokeleleni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kuphuhle izityalo ezininzi.
Inesixa esikhulu semaminerali yenja yemagnesia njengoko injalo i-olivine, iipyroxenes kunye nee-amphiboles. Inayo i-feldspars kunye ne-quartz esantini kunye namaqhezu esilt. Uzinzo oludibeneyo lwamanzi kunye nokungena okuphezulu kwamanzi kwenza ukuba le mihlaba ixhathise ukhukuliseko lwamanzi. Le yenye into ebaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuba isetyenziswe kwizityalo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi nge-andosol.