Iinyikima zomhlaba okanye iinyikima zomhlaba zivela ngenxa yokuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Kungenxa yokuba la macwecwe ahamba ngokuqhubekayo kwaye akhulula amandla ngeli xesha lokuhamba. Iinyikima zingabangelwa luqhushumbo lwentaba-mlilo njengoko zithathwa njengombane wamandla endalo. Oko siwabonayo ngamaza enyikima avela kumbindi womhlaba. Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze amaza enyikima kwaye zonke zimelwe kwi-seismogram.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaza enyikima kunye neempawu zawo.
Zenzeka njani iinyikima
Inyikima okanye yona yinyikima ebusweni bomhlaba ebangelwa kukukhululwa ngesiquphe kwamandla avela ngaphakathi komhlaba. Ukukhutshwa kwamandla kuvela kukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji akhupha amandla ngexesha lokuhamba kwawo. Ziyakwazi ukuhluka ngobukhulu kunye nokuqina. Ezinye iinyikima zibuthathaka kangangokuba intsebenziswano ayivakali. Abanye, nangona kunjalo, Banobundlobongela kangangokuba bachitha iidolophu.
Iseti yeenyikima ezenzeka kwingingqi yaziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi wenyikima. Ibhekisa kubuninzi beenyikima, uhlobo kunye nobungakanani beenyikima eziye zafunyanwa kule ndawo kangangexesha elithile. Kumphezulu womhlaba ezi nyikima ziyazibonakalisa ngokushukumisa umhlaba kunye nokuhamba okufutshane.
Zivame ukwenzeka phantse kuyo yonke indawo emhlabeni, kokubini kwimiphetho yamacwecwe eteknoloji, okanye iimpazamo. Siyazi ukuba iplanethi yethu inezinto ezine eziphambili zangaphakathi: undoqo wangaphakathi, umphandle wangaphandle, ingubo kunye ne-crust. Umphezulu wengubo wenziwe ngulwalwa apho kukho ngokuqinisekileyo Ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga Zeziphi ezo zikhuthaza ukuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji kwaye, kunye nayo, neenyikima.
Amaza enyikima
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ukwenziwa kwenyikima kungenxa yokwanda kwamaza enyikima awenzeka ngaphakathi kwiplanethi. Sichaza amaza enyikima njengohlobo lohlobo lwe-elastic wave olwenzekayo kulwandiso lotshintsho lwexeshana kwicandelo loxinzelelo kwaye oko kunika intshukumo encinci yamacwecwe eteknoloji. Nangona sibiza ukuba sinentshukumo yamacwecwe eteknoloji ngolu hlobo, kufuneka sazi ukuba le ntshukumo ibonakala kangangokuba iphantse ingabonakali. Kwaye kukuba ukutyhubela iminyaka amacwecwe etektoni ahamba kancinci kunakwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Amazwekazi ahambisa kuphela umndilili weesentimitha ezi-2 ngonyaka. Oku kunzima ukuqondakala ebantwini.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaza enyikima anokuveliswa ngokungeyonyani. Umzekelo, abantu banokudala amaza enyikima ngokusetyenziswa kweziqhushumbisi okanye ubuchwephesha bokukhupha irhasi njengokuqhekeza.
Iindidi zamaza enyikima
Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezona ntlobo ziphambili zamaza enyikima akhoyo kunye neempawu zawo.Sikhankanyile ngaphambili, amaza enyikima asuka embindini womhlaba esiya kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, konke oku akupheleli apha.
Amaza angaphakathi ngalawo ahamba ngaphakathi emhlabeni. Siyazi ukuba ukwakhiwa kwezinto zangaphakathi kwiplanethi yethu kunzima kakhulu. Olu lwazi luthathwe ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaza enyikima alandela iindlela zaseKurdish. Sisiphumo esifana neso sinokuphinda sibekho amaza okukhanya.
Amaza e-P ngalawo achazwa njengamaza avela kumhlaba oxineneyo kakhulu kwaye ngamaza anyanzeliswa kwicala lokusasazeka. Olona phawu luphambili kula maza onyikima kukuba anokuhamba nakweyiphi na into, nokuba ikweyiphi na imeko. Kwelinye icala, sinamaza S. Olu hlobo lweliza linokufuduka okunqamlezileyo ukuya kwicala lokusasaza. Kwakhona, inejubane elicothayo kunamaza e-P, ke zivela kamva ebaleni. La maza awakwazi ukusasazeka ngamanzi.
I-Seismology yisayensi enoxanduva lokufunda malunga nenyikima. Le yindlela afunda ngayo ukwabiwa kwendawo okwethutyana, iindlela ekugxilwe kuzo kunye nokukhululwa kwamandla. Isifundo sokusasazeka kwamaza enyikima aveliswe yinyikima aqaphela ulwazi malunga nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi, imimandla ezakha kuyo, kunye nokusasazwa kobuninzi kunye neelastic constants. Enkosi kumaza enyikima kuye kwenzeka ukuba ufumane ulwazi oluninzi malunga nomhlaba ongaphakathi.
Ukubaluleka
Ndiyabulela kula maza enyikima siyazi ukuba aveliswa yinyikima kwaye amiselwe ngoomatshini bemithombo yeendaba e-elastic. Oku kuthetha ukuba isantya saso sixhomekeke kwiimpawu zolusu eziphakathi apho zikhula khona kunye nokusasazwa kwazo kunokufundwa ngokujonga amaxesha ohambo kunye nokuphakama kwala maza. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, zimbini iintlobo zamaza enyikima. Basasazeka ngezantya ezahlukeneyo. Amaza akhawulezayo kunye neyokuqala ngamaza kaP. Abo babizwa ngokuba ngamaza akude ayahambelana.
Ezi zokugqibela zinesantya esisezantsi kwaye zinempawu ezinqamlezileyo. Ngamaza S. Ukufundwa kwala maza kwenziwa yimithetho yokucinga kunye nokutsala, kuba iplanethi yethu yenziwe ngamatye ahlukeneyo aneemathiriyeli ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwakheka. I-trajectories kunye nexesha lokufika zimiselwe ngokujonga umaleko othe tyaba, nganye nganye inejubane rhoqo okanye ithathela ingqalelo umhlaba ongqukuva.
Kumphezulu womhlaba nakwezinye izinto ezingapheliyo zekhephu, ezinye iintlobo zamaza ziveliswa ukuba, ngenxa yokuba zisasazeka ngapha komphezulu, zibizwa ngokuba ngamaza omhlaba. La maza asasazeka ngesantya esisezantsi kunalawo S kunye nobukhulu bawo busezantsi, kuba buncipha kubunzulu. Zimbini iintlobo zolu hlobo lwamaza omoya angaphezulu: Amaza kaRayleigh kunye namaza oLuthando. Eyokuqala yeyokuhamba nkqo kwaye eyesibini yeyokuhamba ngokuthe tye.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga namaza enyikima kunye neempawu zawo.