Las amafu entaba-mlilo Zibakho ngenxa yogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo. Ngokuqhelekileyo baneempawu ezizodwa ngenxa yokuba baxinene kakhulu kwaye ngaphakathi kwabo banomfundi weegesi ezivuthayo kunye nezixhobo ze-pyroclastic zobukhulu obahlukeneyo. La mafu ayingozi kakhulu kwi-airspace, ngoko ke aneziphumo ezibi kakhulu kwezoqoqosho.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi malunga namafu e-volcanic, ukubunjwa kwawo kunye neempawu.
amafu entaba-mlilo
Kwimpelaveki ye-17 ukuya kwi-18 ka-Aprili, ngo-2010, ilifu lentaba-mlilo latsala umdla wehlabathi. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, intaba-mlilo yase-Iceland i-Eyjafjallajökull yagqabhuka, yakhupha intsimbi eshinyeneyo yeegesi ezivuthayo kunye ne-pyroclastic yezinto ezinobukhulu obahlukeneyo kwi-atmosfera eyathi yasinga ngasempuma, iqhutywa yimimoya, yavala indawo enkulu yomoya yaseYurophu.
Into yokuba intaba-mlilo yase-Iceland igqabhuke mayingothusi, njengoko ilizwe laseNordic likweyona mimandla ishukumayo kakhulu emhlabeni. Kukho iintaba-mlilo ezininzi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseIceland, uninzi lwazo zinembali yogqabhuko-dubulo olude kwaye zinkulu kunogqabhuko-dubulo lwe-Eyjafjallajökull. Ngenxa yokuthintelwa kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo etropospheric, ayikwazi ukuqalisa imathiriyeli ngaphezu kwe-6 ukuya kwi-8 km ukuphakama.
Ukuba i-plume ifikelela kwi-stratosphere, ukuhamba komoya onamandla olawula apho kuya kubangela ukuba uthuthu lusasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwiplanethi yonke, kubangela ukupholisa okukhulu kwehlabathi. Ezi ntlobo zokuphazamiseka kwemozulu ziye zaphindwa kwimbali kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zibangelwa yi-Icelandic volcanoes ezifana neLaki okanye iHekla.
Iimpawu zamafu entaba-mlilo
Amafu entaba-mlilo abonisa iimpawu ezithile ezahlula kumafu aqhelekileyo. Ukukhutshelwa phezulu kwezinto ezishushu ezivela kwintaba-mlilo ngoko nangoko kwadala iqela elikhulu lobushushu elanyuka ngokukhawuleza.
Ngaphakathi, le ntaba-mlilo ikhupha iigesi ezinetyhefu ezihlala kunye nomphunga wamanzi nezixa ezikhulu ze<em>pyroclasts, ezingamaqhekeza amatye entaba-mlilo anobukhulu obahlukahlukeneyo—ukususela kolona thuthu luncinane; ihlala ingaphantsi kwe-2 mm ububanzi, ukuya kumatye amakhulu— Badaya amafu abe mnyama. Ukruthakruthwano ngokuchasene nezixhobo zokutsha ezahlukeneyo kudala ukwahlulwa kwentlawulo, okuhlala kukhokelela kumbane kumafu othuthu.
Njengoko ilifu likhula ngobude, imimoya ekhoyo iyayihambisa ecaleni, idala ikholamu ethi, kwimeko ye-Eyjafjallajökull, Inaba amawaka eekhilomitha empuma ukuya esibhakabhakeni kuninzi lwelizwekazi laseYurophu.
Kuba ezi zixhobo zisavalelwe emoyeni apho iinqwelomoya zibhabha, kwaye kuba amasuntswana entaba-mlilo anokubachaphazela kakubi (ukuthintela ukukhupha i-injini kunye nokusebenza njengephepha lesanti kwiprofayili yenqwelomoya), abasemagunyeni, abanoxanduva lokuhamba emoyeni, baye banyanzeleka ukuba banciphise kancinci kancinci. ubungakanani bomoya eziwubhabhayo. Indawo ekhululekileyo, ekhokelele ekuvalweni kwesikhululo seenqwelomoya, yashiya izigidi zabakhweli ziphantsi. Ngaphandle kokuva ukugxekwa ukuba umlinganiselo awulingani kwaye awunaxanduva, ngokoluvo lwam, kufuneka siyiqhwabele izandla into ephambili enikwe ukhuseleko lokuhamba ngeenqwelomoya, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kukho amathandabuzo anokuba nawo malunga nefuthe lezinto zentaba-mlilo ezinokuba nazo kwinqwelo-moya.
Njengoko izixhobo zihlala zivalelwe kumanqanaba omoya apho iinqwelomoya zibhabha, kunikwe ithuba lokuba amasuntswana entaba-mlilo anokuba nefuthe elibi kuwo (ukuthintela ukuphuma kwerhasi yeenjini kunye nokusebenza njengephepha lesanti kwiiprofayili zokubhabha), abasemagunyeni. uxanduva lokuhamba ngenqwelomoya kwanyanzeleka ukuba bacuthe ngokuqhubekayo iindawo ezikhululekileyo kwinqwelomoya, okukhokelele ekuvalweni kwezikhululo zeenqwelomoya, kwanciphisa izigidi zabakhweli.
Ingozi yenqwelomoya
Ilifu lothuthu lwentaba-mlilo libeka isoyikiso esinzulu kukhuseleko lokuhamba emoyeni, nto leyo ebangela ilahleko enkulu kwezoqoqosho. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-volcanic ash cloud iqulethe uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, umgubo welitye, i-sulphur dioxide, umphunga wamanzi, iklorini kunye nezinye iigesi; ngokunjalo nokulandela izinto eziyingozi kuphapho, ngakumbi kwindawo yogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kakhulu.
Iintsika zerhasi, uthuthu kunye namatye akhutshiweyo kwicrater asebenza njenge nuclei yokujiya yomphunga osemoyeni, enze amafu othuthu. Kuxhomekeka kumandla omoya, la mafu achaphazela ngokukhawuleza iindawo ezinkulu zomoya kwicala leentaba-mlilo. Ingozi yabo ayikho kuphela kumonakalo abawenzayo, kodwa kunye nobunzima bokuphepha ngexesha lokubhabha, kuba abahluli ngokulula kumafu aqhelekileyo.
Uthuthu olugalelwe yi-injini xa ibhabha lunomlinganiselo ophezulu weesilicates, ezinyibilika kumaqondo obushushu angaphantsi kobushushu bokusebenza kwe-injini, zibeke kwiincakuba zefeni nangaphakathi e-injini, nto leyo ebangela ilahleko yokutyhala okanye nokuma kwe-injini. Uthuthu inokuphelelwa amandla amacandelo enjini, ii-windshields kunye nemiphetho ehamba phambili ye-airfoils, i-clog pitot tubes, kunye nokungena kwiinkqubo zokupholisa umoya okanye umonakalo we-eriyali.
Olu thotho lweenkxwaleko lunokumisela imiqobo ephawulekayo kwindlela yokuhamba kweenqwelo-moya, ekubeni iindlela kufuneka zitshintshwe yaye nenani leenqwelo-moya ezikhoyo kufuneka lincitshiswe. Inqwelo-moya eyantlitheka emva kothuthu kwakufuneka ilungiswe kwanokutshintshwa kweendawo ezithile, nto leyo eyayibangela ukuba zingasebenzi okwexeshana.
Zifunyanwa njani?
Ubukho bomlotha wentaba-mlilo bufunyanwa kwimifanekiso yesathelayithi, eyenza kube lula ukufumana ifu lothuthu kwaye limisele ukwandiswa kwalo. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle kolwazi logqabhuko-dubulo, Kunzima ukwahlula amafu athuthu kwamanye amafu usebenzisa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokujonga ilifu. Xa i-Eyjafjallajökull yagqabhuka, ilifu lothuthu lalingabonakali lula ngesantya esiqhelekileyo, njengesaqhwithi esinzulu kumazantsi e-Iceland kunye nesebe elifudumeleyo ukuya kwinkqubo engaphambili kumzantsi-mpuma weso siqithi ngaphezu kwelifu elibonakalayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga namafu e-volcanic kunye neempawu zawo.