Amagama amaninzi asetyenziselwa ukubhekisa kuwo amafu e-pyroclastic: amafu omlilo, i-pyroclastic flows, i-pyroclastic density flows, njl. Onke la magama abhekisa kwinto enye, ebhekisa kumthamo omkhulu werhasi kunye namasuntswana aphuma kwicrater kwaye ahamba ngesantya esiphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, amafu e-pyroclastic ayiyona inxalenye eyaziwa kakhulu yeentaba-mlilo, kwaye ngokwenene ubukho babo bunokuba nemiphumo emininzi engathandekiyo.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni amafu e-pyroclastic, zeziphi iimpawu kunye nemiphumo yazo.
Yintoni amafu e-pyroclastic
Ngumxube oveliswe ngexesha logqabhuko-mlilo, owenziwe yirhasi kunye namasuntswana aqinileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Ngqo, ubushushu bamafu e-pyroclastic buphakathi kwama-300 kunye nama-800°C. Nje ukuba ilifu le-pyroclastic liphume kwintaba-mlilo elidubulayo lize lifike kumhlaba woMhlaba, lihamba emhlabeni ngesantya esisuka kwishumi ukuya kumakhulu eemitha ngomzuzwana.
Njengoko besitshilo kumhlathi odlulileyo, amafu e-pyroclastic akhiwe ngamasuntswana aqinileyo. La masuntswana aqinileyo abizwa ngokuba zii-pyroclasts okanye uthuthu kwaye aziyonto ngaphandle kwamaqhekeza e-magma eqinileyo egxothwe ziintaba-mlilo. Ngokuxhomekeke kubukhulu bamaqhekeza, i-pyroclastics inokwahlulwa ibe:
- Uthuthu: Amalungu angaphantsi kwe-2 mm ububanzi.
- lapilli: Amacandelo avela kububanzi ukusuka kwi-2 ukuya kwi-64 mm.
- Iibhombu okanye iibhloko: Amaqhekeza amakhulu kune-64 mm ububanzi.
Ngokwenxalenye yalo, ubungakanani beengqungquthela bunquma isantya kunye nobukhulu bokuhamba kwe-pyroclastic. Ezo ziqulathe iibhloko zinokushukuma okuncinci kwaye zihlala zivalelwe kuluhlu lwamashumi eekhilomitha ukusuka kwiziko lokukhupha. Kwaye ezo zithombo zenziwe ngothuthu kunye ne-lapis lazuli zinokufikelela kwi-radius yeekhilomitha ezingama-200 ukusuka kumbindi wokukhutshwa kwazo.
Kufanelekile ukuba ukhankanye loo nto amafu e-pyroclastic amele enye yeengozi ezinkulu zokudubula kwentaba-mlilo, ekubeni banokuchaphazela iindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ngexesha elifutshane ngenxa yesantya sokuhamba. Ngaphaya koko, ayichaphazeli nje kuphela ubomi bomntu kunye neziseko zophuhliso, kodwa ihlala ineziphumo ezibi zexesha elide kwimozulu, umhlaba namanzi kulo mmandla.
Ngaba amafu e-pyroclastic enza njani?
Ayizizo zonke iintaba-mlilo ezivelisa amafu e-pyroclastic ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo, kodwa amafu e-pyroclastic enza kuphela iintaba-mlilo ezinogqabhuko-dubulo oluphakathi ukuya kolukhulu, olunje ngeStrombolian, iPlinian, okanye iVulcan.
Amafu ePyroclastic anokwenza ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, apha sikhankanya ezimbini zazo:
- Ngenxa yokuwa komxhuzulane wekholamu yogqabhuko-dubulo kwindawo ephakamileyo. Ukuwa kwenzeka xa ubuninzi bekholamu bukhulu kunobuninzi be-atmosfera ejikelezileyo.
- Ngokuwa kwedome yelava, oku kugqabhuka kuvela xa udaka lubonakala lubonakala lude lungahambi lula. Xa idome yodaka isiba nkulu kangangokuba ingazinzi, iyadilika, ize ekugqibeleni ibangele ugqabhuko-dubulo.
iintlobo ezikhoyo
Amafu e-Pyroclastic anokuthi ahlelwe ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwawo, i-sediments eyivelisayo, indlela eyaqala ngayo, kunye nokunye. Ngokomzekelo, kuxhomekeke kubuninzi bayo, oko kukuthi, i-gas-solid particle ratio enayo kunye neediphozithi ezizenzayo, sinokufumana:
i-pyroclastic tide
Zibonakaliswa ngokusasazeka kwazo (ngenxa yokuxinwa kwazo okuphantsi kweengqungquthela eziqinileyo), i-dynamism kunye ne-turbulence. Amaza anokwahlulwa abe ngamaza obushushu kunye namaza abandayo. Banokuba ngaphantsi kwendawo yokubilisa yamanzi, njengamaza abandayo, okanye banokufikelela kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwe-1000°C, njengamaza ashushu. I-Pyroclastic tidal deposits ibonakaliswe ngobutyebi babo kwi-lapis lazuli kunye ne-lithics (amaqhekeza amatye aqinile ngexesha lokuqhuma). Nangona kunjalo, kuyafaneleka ukucacisa ukuba ukuhamba kwejethi akubonwa ngokubanzi njengoluhlobo lokuhamba kwe-pyroclastic.
Ukuhamba kwepyroclastic
Ziyimibhobho eveliswa ikakhulu kugqabhuko lwePurin-style, kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu xa kuthelekiswa ne-pyroclastic surges. I-deposits eyenziwe yi-lava inzima ukufundisisa ngenxa yokuba ayinayo imigangatho yangaphakathi ebonakalayo, kodwa ngokubanzi, iidiphozithi zabo zibizwa ngokuba yi-ignimbrites kwaye zibandakanya amasuntswana obungakanani obuhlukeneyo: ukusuka eluthuthwini ukuya kumaqhuma.
Iziphumo
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo iFuego yaseGuatemala lubulale abantu abangama-65. Ukongeza, umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo onobundlobongela ushiye abantu abangama-46 benenqanaba lesibini kunye nelesithathu, Abemi abazizigidi ezisisi-1,7 baye bachaphazeleka ukusa kumlinganiselo othile yaye ilifu lothuthu laphakama laya kutsho kwiimitha ezili-10.000 XNUMX.
NgeCawa yokugqibela yayiyi-Fuego yesibini yokuqhuma kwe-2018 kwaye inkulu kwiminyaka yamuva. Bunjalo ke ubukhulu bentlekele yokuba udaka oluphuma kwi-crater lufikelele kumphezulu weekhilomitha ezingama-260 ukusuka kwimbindi yentaba-mlilo.
Le ntlekele yenzeke xa udaka lwamanzisa enye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuphuma, lubangela ukuba libaleke ngeminye imingxunya yendalo kunye nefanisi ukuya kwiidolophu ezine ezikufutshane necrater. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla endalo aphelela ekungcwabeni inkitha yabantu ababengakwazi ukuphuma kwindawo yentlekele.
Kodwa i-lava ayikuphela kwesixhobo esibulalayo kwintaba-mlilo iFuego yaseGuatemala. Amafu ePyroclastic yenye yeengozi eziphambili ngexesha logqabhuko-mlilo. Ikwabizwa ngokuba "lilifu elivuthayo", yafikelela kubude beemitha ezili-1.500 xa yakhutshwayo.
Ngumxube weegesi zentaba-mlilo, izinto eziqinileyo (uthuthu namatye anobukhulu obahlukeneyo) kunye nomoya okhutshwa yivolcano ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo, utyibilika emhlabeni ngendlela ekhawulezayo neyonakalisayo ngenxa yamandla entaba-mlilo. Oku kuqukuqela kwe-pyroclastic kunokufikelela kwisantya seekhilomitha ezingama-200 ngeyure, kwaye ngenxa yamandla abo kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu, banokuthi baqhubele phambili kwaye boyise imiqobo endleleni yabo, ukubala phantsi kwezinto zentaba-mlilo okanye bangcwabe indawo abadlula kuyo.
Njengoko ubona, amafu e-pyroclastic ayingozi kakhulu kwaye kufuneka athathelwe ingqalelo ukukhusela abantu ngokuchasene nogqabhuko-mlilo. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga namafu e-pyroclastic kunye neempawu zabo.