Xa sicinga ngogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukusebenzisa igama elithi lava nelithi magma. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi yintoni i-magma evela kwiintaba-mlilo kunye neeyantlukwano abanazo ngelava.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele ukuba yintoni i-magma yeentaba-mlilo, iqala njani kwaye zeziphi iimpawu zayo.
Yintoni i-magma yeentaba-mlilo
Igama elithi magma livela kwisiGrike kwaye linokuguqulelwa ngokuthi "unamathisele". I-volcanic magma ngumxube wamatye anyibilikisiweyo kunye neekhompawundi eziguquguqukayo eziqinileyo ezenziwa ngaphakathi eMhlabeni. Into ayizinzanga kwaye isenokuba namaqamza omoya kunye neekristale ezixhonyiweyo. Ilava ifumaneka lula kumagumbi entaba-mlilo kwaye inokufumaneka nakumatye akufutshane. Nje ukuba i-magma ipholile kwaye ikhanye, yenza amatye avuthayo.
Iikhompawundi ezenza i-magma oscillate phakathi kwe-700 ºC kunye ne-1.300 ºC. La maqondo obushushu aphezulu anokufikelelwa kuphela kwiindawo zokuthotywa koMhlaba, oko kukuthi, kumbindi wolwandle, imimandla yelizwekazi kunye nezinye iindawo ezishushu eMhlabeni. Inkqubo yokwakheka kwe-magma inzima kakhulu, esiya kuyichaza kamva.
iintlobo zemagma
Iindidi ezimbalwa zemagma zinokuchazwa. Nangona kunjalo, ezona zixhaphakileyo zithathu:
ibasalt magma
I-Basaltic magmas ivela ekudibaneni kwamatye e-ultrabasic, nangona ukubunjwa kwawo kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwingingqi yokwakheka. Ziphantsi kwi-silica (-50%) ukuba zivela kwii-oceanic ridges, kunye ne-alkaline eninzi kwaye zizityebi kwi-sodium kunye ne-potassium ukuba zivela ngaphakathi kweetectonic plates. Zezona zixhaphakileyo.
andesite magma
Iifom ze-Andesite magma kwiindawo zokuthotywa kwelizwekazi kunye ne-oceanic crust kunye iqulethe ukuya kwi-60% ye-silica kunye neeminerali ze-hydrated ezifana ne-hornblende okanye i-biotite. IAndesite magma yeyona ityebileyo emanzini, kodwa xa igqabhuka iba ngumphunga njengomphunga. Xa le magma ikhazimla kubunzulu, yenza i<em>diorite aze amanzi aba yinxalenye ye<em>hornblende.
igranite magma
Le magma ineyona ndawo iphantsi yokunyibilika kwaye inokuqaqamba ibe ngamaqhekeza amakhulu elitye le-plutonic. Benza kwiibhanti ze-orogenic ezifana ne-andesite, kodwa ukusuka kwi-andesitic okanye i-basaltic magma ekwazile ukungena kwaye inyibilikise intlenga okanye amatye avuthayo omhlaba.. La matye atshintsha ukubunjwa kwe-magma njengoko enyibilika kuyo.
Ifumaneka phi
IMagma isuka kuloo mimandla yoqweqwe loMhlaba kunye nengubo ephezulu apho amaqondo obushushu afikelela kumaqondo obushushu apho iiminerali ezibumba amatye ziqala ukunyibilika. Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lokushisa lokunyibilika likwaxhomekeke kwezinye izinto ezifana noxinzelelo okanye ubukho / ukungabikho kwamanzi.
Ngoko ke, ukwanda koxinzelelo kunye nokungabikho kwamanzi kwenza kube nzima ukunyibilika; njengoko kwenzeka enzulwini yoMhlaba, umzekelo. Ngokuchasene noko, ubukho bamanzi buthoba inqanaba lokunyibilika kwelitye. Ngoko ke, i-magma ifom kuphela kwaye ihlale (ngaphandle kokuba i-magma ibaleka) apho ihambelana nokwakheka kwayo, njenge-crust kunye ne-mantle ephezulu.
Xa kugqabhuka intaba-mlilo, i<em>magma iyakwazi ukuphalaza ikwimo yodaka. Ngenxa yokuba i-lava ikhazimla ngokukhawuleza, iinqununu zeglasi yentaba-mlilo, njenge-obsidian okanye i-pumice, zenziwe endaweni yeekristale ezinkulu.
Yenzeka njani i-magma kwiintaba-mlilo?
I-Magma ikhula ngokuthe ngcembe xa ulwalwa olubumba umhlaba wethu lunyibilika. Amatye eplanethi yethu akhiwe ngamaminerali aneendawo ezahlukeneyo zokunyibilika kunye neempawu ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali, ezimisela ukubunjwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-magma. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni lumisela ukuthamba kwezinto eziqinileyo.
Njengoko sele sibonisile, kwi-liquid magma complexes iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu, phakathi kwe-700ºC kunye ne-1.300ºC. Ngokubanzi, ukubunjwa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-magma kunxulunyaniswa nokusingqongileyo apho kwakheka khona, ngokwesiqhelo iindawo zokuthontelana ezinje ngeenduli ezisembindini wolwandle, imimandla yelizwekazi kunye nezinye iindawo ezishushu emhlabeni.
Kukho izizathu ezibini zokuba kutheni i-magma iyeka ukubakho, esinye kukuvela kwicrystallization, kwaye esinye sesokuba ithunyelwa ngaphandle njengodaka ngexesha logqabhuko-mlilo. Kuzo zombini ezi meko, xa uqina, uvelisa amatye e-igneous afana ne-diorite, i-basalt okanye i-granite.
Umahluko phakathi kwe-magma kunye ne-lava
Umahluko phakathi kwe-magma kunye ne-lava yindawo. Xa izazi zokwakheka komhlaba zithetha ngemagma, zithetha udaka olusabambeke emhlabeni. Ukuba eli litye lityhidiweyo lifikelela kumphezulu lize liqhubeke lihamba njengolwelo, libizwa ngokuba yilava.
Njengoko inyuka intaba-mlilo, i-magma okanye ilitye elityhidiweyo liqhekeza ilitye elijikelezayo, lidala amaza amancinci alinganiswa ngee-seismographs kwaye, ngokuxhomekeke kumandla azo, iinyikima zinokuvakala emhlabeni. Kwimeko yaseCumbre Vieja, iinyikima zomhlaba ezingaphezu kwama-25.000 2.600 zenza igquba elinamandla kunesiqhelo, nto leyo ebonisa ugqabhuko-dubulo olunokwenzeka. Emva koko, iNational Geographic Institute yanikela ingxelo yeenyikima zomhlaba ezingaphezu kwama-XNUMX XNUMX kulo mmandla ukususela oko yavukayo intaba-mlilo.
I-Magmas okanye i-lavas ziyahluka kwimichiza yazo, ebanika kunye neentaba-mlilo eziziquletheyo, iipropati ezahlukeneyo. Kwimeko yeCumbre Vieja, ukutshintshwa kwayo phakathi kwezigaba zeStrombolian kunye neHawaiian kugqiba ukuphuhliswa kokuhamba kwayo. Amasimi okuqala odaka olwakhiwayo yayiluhlobo lweMalpas, apho udaka lwaqhekeka lwaza lwaphola ngokukhawuleza.
Ezi lava azenzi iityhubhu, ukwenza iityhubhu udinga i-lava eshushu ehamba ngesantya esingaguqukiyo nesigudileyo kakhulu, inyibilika kwaye ikhukulisa umhlaba ngaphakathi, ukwenza le mibhobho idreyini ephinda isebenze ngaphambili.
Njengoko ubona, ezi ziphithiphithi zihlala zisenzeka xa kuthethwa ngogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo kwaye iindaba ziyanda. Nangona kunjalo, kulula kakhulu ukwazi amagama kwaye yintoni umahluko phakathi kwawo. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-magma ye-volcano, iimpawu zayo, imvelaphi kunye nokwahlukana kwe-lava.