Kwindlela eyahlukileyo Umaleko woMhlabaSiyibonile indlela iplanethi yethu enendawo yayo yangaphakathi eyahlulwe yangamacandelo ahlukeneyo. Uqweqwe, ingubo kunye nenucleus zezona zinto ziphambili apho ulwahlulo lweplanethi yethu yahlulwe ngokwendalo yezixhobo. Kufuneka sicinge ukuba umaleko ngamnye uneempawu zawo kunye nokusebenza kwawo kwiplanethi nakuphuhliso lwezinto eziphilayo. Namhlanje, siza kugxila ekuchazeni ifayile ye- Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi ngendlela eneenkcukacha.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ngakumbi nge-geology yangaphakathi nangaphandle kwiplanethi yethu, apha ungafunda okuninzi ngayo.
Umaleko woMhlaba kunye nomsebenzi wawo
Umxholo womhlaba wenziwe amatye otyhidiweyo kunye nezixa ezikhulu zentsimbi etyhidiweyo kunye ne-nickel. Ezi ntsimbi zezona zinto zibumba umhlaba womazibuthe osikhuselayo kwizinto zangaphandle ze ISistema Solar kanjani i iiasteroids kunye neemeteorites okanye umoya welanga kunye nemitha yazo.
Kwelinye icala, kwingubo kukho umaleko wamatye kunye nesanti yobunzima obahlukeneyo. Lo mahluko kubuninzi bembambano yiyo le ibangela ukuhanjiswa kwemithambo enoxanduva lokuhamba kunye nokufuduswa kwe iiplate zeetectonic. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwamacwecwe, amazwekazi aguqule ukukhululeka kwehlabathi kwizihlandlo ezininzi. Amazwekazi awalungiswanga ngendlela efanayo nanamhlanje. Umzekelo, enkosi kulwazi lwe UAlfred Wegener Umhlaba waziwa ngokuba wenziwe lilizwekazi eliphambili elibizwa ngokuba yiPangea.
Ngenxa yokuhamba kwamacwecwe eteknoloji yayihamba isantya malunga ne-2-3 cm ngonyaka de ibe ikwindawo yangoku. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje amazwekazi ayaqhubeka nokuhamba. Yintoni engenantshukumo ebonakalayo yomntu. Amazwekazi anomdla wokufuduka.
Kwelinye icala, sinobume obungaphandle beplanethi engumhlaba womhlaba. Kukwiqweqwe lomhlaba apho izinto eziphilayo kunye nayo yonke imeteorology esiyaziyo ikhula.
Ukuqhuma komhlaba kunye neempawu zawo
Uqweqwe lomhlaba lumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-40 ubude kwaye lwahlulwe lwaba yingqimba yelizwekazi kunye nolwandlekazi. Kwindawo yelizwekazi yinto eyaziwayo Iqonga lelizwekazi apho uninzi lwezihluma nezilwanyana, iiminerali kunye ne-oyile efana ne-oyile kunye negesi yendalo zifumaneka. Ngenxa yoku, le ndawo inomdla omkhulu kwezoqoqosho kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathi.
Uqweqwe lomhlaba ngumaleko obumba i-1% kuphela yobunzima bomzimba wonke wasezulwini. Umda phakathi koqweqwe lomhlaba nengubo yokunxiba kukuyekiswa kukaMohorovicic. Ubungakanani boluhlu alufani kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa luyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimimandla. Kwicandelo lomhlaba lihlala liphakathi kwama-30 nama-70 eekhilomitha ukutyeba, ngelixa kuqweqwe lolwandle luziikhilomitha ezili-10 kuphela ukutyeba.
Kunokuthiwa yeyona ndawo ineeplanethi, ekubeni inendawo zelizwekazi eziphantsi kotshintsho oluveliswe ngokwahlukeneyo. iiarhente zejoloji kunye nezinye izinto zangaphandle ezakhayo okanye ezitshabalalisayo isiqabu njengezinto zemozulu.
Isakhelo esime nkqo sokwahlulwahlulwa, njengoko besesitshilo, kwilizwekazi nakwilwandlekazi. Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi lunobume obuphezulu kunye nokwakheka kulo Uninzi lwegranitic kunye neninzi yebasalt. Kwelinye icala, uqweqwe lwaselwandle alunaso isangqa segranite kwaye bobabini ubudala kunye nokuxinana kwalo kusezantsi.
Iimpawu zoqweqwe lwelizwekazi
Siza kuhlalutya iimpawu zelizwekazi. Njengokuba besesitshilo, lolona llele luntsonkothileyo kwaye lungqindilili. Kukho amathambeka kunye neshelfu yelizwekazi. Sahlulahlula iithayile ezithe nkqo ezintathu kuqweqwe lwelizwekazi:
- Uluhlu lwamagama. Yeyona nxalenye iphambili kunye nesongelwe ngaphezulu okanye kancinci. Kweminye imimandla yoMhlaba lo maleko awukho, ngelixa kwezinye iindawo ungaphezulu kwe-3 km ubukhulu. Ubuninzi be-2,5 gr / cm3.
- Maleko Granite. Uluhlu apho iindawo ezahlukeneyo zamatye e-metamorphic zifunyenwe, ezinje nge-gneisses kunye ne-mycaschists. Ubuninzi bayo yi-2,7 gr / cm3 kwaye ubukhulu buhlala phakathi kwe-10 kunye ne-15 km.
- Umaleko weBasalt. Yeyona nzulu nge-3 kwaye ihlala ine-thickness phakathi kwe-10 ne-20 km. Ubuninzi be-2,8 gr / cm3 okanye ngaphezulu ngaphezulu. Ukwakhiwa kucingelwa ukuba kuphakathi kwe-gabbros kunye ne-amphibolites. Phakathi kwala macwecwe egranite kunye nebasalt, kunokubakho unxibelelwano olurhabaxa olunokuthi lubonwe ngamaza kaP kunye no-S kwinyikima. Kulapho kuyekwe ukuyekiswa kukaConrad.
Ulwakhiwo lwelizwekazi
Imodeli yolwakhiwo loMhlaba iqulethe ezinye iindawo ezichaziweyo ezifumaneka ngaphezulu komhlaba. Lo mahluko ubonakala phakathi kweekraton kunye neentaba.
- Cratons Yeyona mimandla izinzileyo esele ihleli kwizigidi zeminyaka. Ezi ndawo azisoloko zinoncedo olubalulekileyo kunye namakhaka kunye namaqonga afakiwe. Masiqwalasele ngakumbi kubo:
- Amakhaka Yeyona mimandla ithatha indawo engumbindi wamazwekazi. Banoxanduva lobukho beentaba zakudala eziye zathotywa zaze zonakaliswa yinkqubo yokhukuliseko lomhlaba kunye nezinye izinto zangaphandle ebudeni beliwaka leminyaka. Kule mimandla umaleko wentlenga ulahlekile ngokupheleleyo. Amatye aphezu komhlaba afakwe kwaye ayisiyiyo le nto yayila iintaba zakuqala. Ezo zenze la makhuselo kuye kwafuneka ukuba zimelane noxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu ekwakhiweni kwazo, ke ngoko, zibonakala ziguqulwe.
- Amaqonga zezo ndawo ze-cratonic zisalondolozayo umaleko wentlenga. Kuqhelekile ukubona olu luhlu lusongwe kancinci.
Kwelinye icala, sifumana uluhlu lweentaba ze-orogenic. Zifumaneka kwimiphetho yeekraton. Ziindawo zecortical eziye zaphantsi kweempazamo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yokuhamba kunye nokushenxiswa kwamacwecwe eteknoloji. Ezona ntaba zineentaba zale mihla zisasazwe ngaselunxwemeni loLwandlekazi lwePasifiki. Ngaphantsi kwezi ntaba iqweqwe lishinyene kakhulu kwaye lifikelela kwi-70 km ekhankanywe ekuqaleni kweli nqaku.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-continental crust.