Unyaka wokukhanya

Unyaka wokukhanya

Umxholo we Unyaka wokukhanya isoloko ilahlekisa. Ubukho begama elithi unyaka bukhokelele abaninzi ukuba banxulumanise eli binzana kunye neyunithi yexeshana. Nangona kunjalo, yiyunithi yokulinganisa i-longitude esetyenziswa kwinkalo ye-astronomy, ngoko endaweni yokuthi "thatha unyaka okhanyayo", abantu bathi "yiba ngunyaka okhanyayo".

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni unyaka wokukhanya, ulinganiswa njani, imizekelo kunye nokunye okuninzi.

Yintoni unyaka wokukhanya

izibalo zomzimba

Le ngcamango isebenza njengeyunithi yokulinganisa kwi-astronomy ebala umgama onokuhamba iphoton okanye isuntswana lokukhanya kwisithuba esingangonyaka. Ngokwamanani, Unyaka omnye wokukhanya ulingana ne-9,46 x 1012 km okanye 9.460.730.472.580,8 km. Le yunithi yayiyilwe ngokukodwa ukulinganisa imigama emide esecaleni efikelela kwiibhiliyoni zeekhilomitha. Le migama ifuna umlinganiselo othile wokuyichaza ngendlela eqondakala lula.

I-International Astronomical Union inika inkcazo echanekileyo yonyaka okhanyayo, ofinyeziweyo njengobuxoki okanye ubuxoki ngesiNgesi. Ukuyilinganisa, ikhalenda kaJulius (endaweni yeGregorian) kunye nesantya sokukhanya (esibalwe kwiimitha ezingama-299.792.458 XNUMX XNUMX ngomzuzwana) kufuneka sithathelwe ingqalelo. Ngoko ke, ubude bonyaka apho ukukhanya kuhamba khona umgama osemajukujukwini ulingana neentsuku ezingama-365,25, endaweni yeentsuku ezingama-365,2425 njengakwikhalenda kaGregory.

Njengezinye iiyunithi zokulinganisa umgama, lo mlinganiselo unokwandiswa ukuya kuphindaphindo oluphezulu ngokudibanisa isimaphambili kwixabiso lamanani. Ngokomzekelo, umgama we-1.000 light-year unokuchazwa njenge-kilo-light-year, okanye i-kly, ngelixa umgama we-1.000.000 weminyaka yokukhanya unokuchazwa njenge-mega-light-year, okanye i-gly.

Imvelaphi yengcamango

umlinganiselo wonyaka wokukhanya

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-61, uFriedrich Bessel, isazi ngeenkwenkwezi nezibalo saseJamani, waseka ingcamango yonyaka wokukhanya njengeyunithi yokulinganisa. Impumelelo ebalaseleyo kaBessel yaba lubalo oluchanekileyo lomgama ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya kwenye inkwenkwezi engeyiyo iLanga, ngakumbi inkwenkwezi engu-XNUMX Cygni ekwiqela leenkwenkwezi iCygnus. Lo mgama wawumangalisa isixa-mali seekhilomitha ezingama-98.734.594.662 okanye iimayile ezingama-61.350.985.287,1, Lawo yayingamanani anzima ukuwaphatha. Ukuze aphephe le ngxaki, uBessel wakhetha ukuwuchaza lo mgama ngokwexesha elifunekayo ukuze ukukhanya kuhambe lo mgama, omalunga neminyaka eyi-10,3.

Ebudeni bexesha awayesebenza ngalo uBessel, isantya sokukhanya sasingekaqinisekiswa ngokuthe ngqo, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba akuphephe ukusebenzisa igama elithi “light year” ekubaleni kwakhe. UOtto Ule, umbhali wenzululwazi odumileyo waseJamani, wazisa ingcamango “yonyaka wokukhanya” ngowe-1851 waza wacebisa ukuba usetyenziswe ngendlela efanayo “neyure kaMatshi.”

Le yunithi yokulinganisa ekuqaleni yayijongwa njengeyunithi yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi yi-academy yaseJamani, nangona abanye, njengengcali yeenkwenkwezi yaseBritani u-Arthur Eddington, babekuchasile ukwamkelwa kwayo, beyigqala njengento enzima, engenakwenzeka, neyifanelekele ngakumbi inzululwazi edumileyo.

Imizekelo yemigama elinganiswa kwiminyaka yokukhanya

isantya sokukhanya

Xa kulinganiswa kwiminyaka yokukhanya, imigama ethile yendawo ibaluleka ngakumbi. Makhe sibone eyona mizekelo imeleyo apho izazinzulu zisebenzisa le yunithi yomlinganiselo:

  • Indlela ye-milky, umnyele wethu, unobubanzi obumalunga ne-150.000 240.000 leminyaka yokukhanya. Xa sithelekisa, iAndromeda, umnyele oselumelwaneni wawo, inobubanzi obumalunga nama-2.500.000 XNUMX eminyaka yokukhanya. Le minyele mibini yahlulwe ngumgama ozii-XNUMX weminyaka yokukhanya.
  • Kumda wangaphandle we Inkqubo yethu yelanga ibekwe kwi-Oort Cloud., kwaye umgama phakathi kwelifu kunye neLanga malunga ne-1 unyaka wokukhanya.
  • UProxima Centauri, eyona nkwenkwezi ikufutshane eLangeni, kubude beminyaka eyi-4,22 yokukhanya.
  • Umnyele omncinane iCanis Major, ongowona ukufutshane kwiMilky Way, wahlulwe kuwo ngumgama ongama-25.000 XNUMX eminyaka yokukhanya.
  • Iqela lasekuhlaleni leminyele, kuquka iMilky Way, Inomlinganiselo oqikelelwa kwi-10.000.000 yeminyaka yokukhanya.
  • I-Virgo Supercluster, equka iQela leNgingqi leminyele, inomlinganiselo oqikelelwa kwi-200 yeminyaka yokukhanya.
  • I-Pisces-Cetus supercluster complex, equka iVirgo Supercluster, inomlinganiselo oqikelelwa kwi-1.000.000.000 yeminyaka yokukhanya.
  • La Udonga olukhulu lweHercules-Corona Borealis, esona sakhiwo sikhulu senzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi esibonakalayo kwindalo iphela, sinobubanzi obumalunga ne-10.000.000.000 XNUMX XNUMX XNUMX yeminyaka yokukhanya.

Ezinye iiyunithi zokulinganisa ngeenkwenkwezi

Ngaphandle kwale yunithi yokulinganisa yaziwayo yenzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, kukho ezinye iiyunithi zokulinganisa ezisetyenziselwa ukumela umgama omkhulu phakathi kwezidalwa ezisesibhakabhakeni kunye nokuma kwendawo. Uninzi lwezi yunithi zithathwe kunyaka wokukhanya, kubandakanywa inyanga yokukhanya, imini yokukhanya, iyure yokukhanya, umzuzu wokukhanya, kunye nokukhanya kwesibini. Ezi yunithi zisebenza kumgaqo ofanayo kwaye zisetyenziswa rhoqo kwisayensi edumileyo, unxibelelwano, kunye ne-relativistic physics.

Iingcali ngeenkwenkwezi zityekele ekuthandeni ukusetyenziswa kweeyunithi zeenkwenkwezi ezingaphezu konyaka omnye ubude. Imizekelo yaloo yunithi iquka:

  • Ithiywe kwiparallax yesiNgesi yomzuzwana omnye we-arc, I-parsec (i-pc) yiyunithi yomlinganiselo olingana neminyaka eyi-3,2616 yokukhanya.
  • Ngokubala umgama ophakathi koMhlaba kunye neLanga, izazinzulu zisekiwe iyunithi yeenkwenkwezi (AU) njengelingana nemizuzu esi-8 yokukhanya.

Abafundi be-Astronomy bakholisa ukukhetha iyunithi ye-astronomical njengeyunithi yabo yokulinganisa abayithandayo ngenxa yexabiso layo elimiselweyo, elinokuthi lichazwe ngendlela elula. Kwelinye icala, ixabiso lonyaka wokukhanya lixhomekeke kuqwalaselo lomxholo, njengokuba umlinganiselo uthathwa njengendawo engenanto okanye ikhalenda kaJulian okanye kaGregory.

Unyaka wokukhanya yiyunithi yokulinganisa engachanekanga kwaye intsonkothe ​​ngakumbi kunezinye. Nangona kunjalo, inenzuzo yokuba yimbonakaliso echaza kakhulu imigama emikhulu phakathi kwezinto zasezulwini. Oku kungenxa yokuba ukukhanya, okuyeyona nto ikhawulezayo kwindalo iphela, kusetyenziswa njengesalathiso sokulinganisa le migama.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni unyaka wokukhanya kunye nendlela olinganiswa ngayo.


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