I-Andromeda ngumnyele wegalufa owenziwe ziinkqubo zeenkwenkwezi, uthuli kunye negesi, zonke ezo zinto zichaphazeleka ngumxhuzulane. Ime kwi-2,5 yezigidi zeminyaka yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni kwaye kuphela kwesibhakabhaka esibonakalayo ngeliso lenyama esingesiso seMilky Way. Ingxelo yokuqala yomnyeleyi ibuyela umva ngonyaka wama-961, xa isazi ngeenkwenkwezi sasePersi uAl-Sufi wayichaza njengeklasta encinci yamafu kwikroza leAndromeda. Kungenzeka, abanye abantu bamandulo nako ukuyiqonda.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana Umnyele weAndromeda, iimpawu zayo nokubaluleka kwayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Andromeda yi-galaxy ejikelezayo enobume bayo obufana noMilky Way. Yenziwe njengediski ethe tyaba kunye nokuqengqeleka kunye neengalo ezininzi zomoya embindini. Ayizizo zonke iigalaxi ezinolu luyilo. UHubble wabona amakhulu abo. Kwimizobo yabo yodumo yokulungisa ifolokhwe okanye ulandelelwano lweHubble olusasetyenziswa nanamhlanje, zahlulwe zaba zii-ellipticals (E), ii-lenticulars (L), kunye ne-spirals (S).
Kwelinye icala, iminyele ejikelezayo yahlulwe yangamaqela amabini, lawo anemivalo esembindini nalawo angenayo imivalo esembindini. Imvumelwano yangoku yeyokuba yethu I-Milky Way yindawo evaliweyo ye-Sb. Nangona singenakuyibona ngaphandle, iAndromeda yinto elula okanye engavulelekanga ye-galaxy Sb, kwaye sinokuyibona ukusuka apha.
Masibone ezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zeAndromeda:
- Inemibono emibini
- Ubungakanani bayo buthelekiswa nobunye beMilky Way. I-Andromeda inkulu nje kancinci ngobukhulu, kodwa iMilky Way inobunzima obukhulu kunye nomnyama ngakumbi.
- Kukho iminyele eliqela yesathelayithi eAndromeda esebenza ngokudibana: iminyele emincinci ye-elliptical: M32 kunye neM110 kunye nomnyele omncinci ojikelezayo uM33.
- Ububanzi bayo yiminyaka yokukhanya eyi-220.000.
- Iphantse yaqaqamba kabini iMilky Way kwaye ineenkwenkwezi ezibhiliyoni.
- Phantse iipesenti ezi-3 zamandla akhutshwe yiAndromeda kwingingqi ye-infrared, ngelixa iMilky Way le pesenti ingama-50%. Ngokwesiqhelo eli xabiso lihambelana nenqanaba lokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi, ke liphezulu kwiMilky Way kwaye liphantsi eAndromeda.
Uyibona njani i-Galaxy yeAndromeda
Ikhathalogu yeMessier luluhlu lwezinto ezisesibhakabhakeni ezili-110 ezisusela emva kunyaka we-1774, ethi igama lomnyele obonakalayo we-Andromeda kumnyele wegama elinye njengo-M31. Khumbula la magama xa ukhangela iminyele kwimephu yesibhakabhaka, njengoko zisetyenziswa kwizicelo ezininzi zeenkwenkwezi kwiikhompyuter nakwiiselfowuni.
Ukujonga ngeso lengqondo iAndromeda, Kulungile ukufumana indawo yokuqala yeqela leCassiopeia, enemilo eyahlukileyo kakhulu koonobumba W okanye M, kuxhomekeka kwindlela ojongwa ngayo. I-Cassiopeia kulula ukuyibona esibhakabhakeni, kwaye i-Andromeda Galaxy ilele phakathi kwayo kunye neqela le-Andromeda. Khumbula ukuba ukubona iMilky Way ngeliso lenyama, isibhakabhaka kufuneka sibe mnyama kakhulu kwaye akukho zibane zokuzenzela kufutshane. Nangona kunjalo, nkqu nakubusuku obucacileyo, iMilky Way inokubonwa kwizixeko ezinabantu abaninzi, kodwa ubuncinci uncedo lwee-binoculars luyafuneka. Kule meko, i-oval emhlophe encinci iya kuvela kwindawo ebonisiweyo.
Usebenzisa iteleskopu uyakwazi ukwahlula-hlula iinkcukacha zomnyele kwaye unokufumana iminyele yayo emibini emincinci.
Elona xesha lilungileyo lonyaka lokuyibona yile:
- Umntla weikhweyitha: Nangona ukubonakala kuphantsi unyaka wonke, ezona nyanga zilungileyo ngo-Agasti nangoSeptemba.
- Umzantsi welizwe: phakathi kuka-Okthobha ukuya kuDisemba.
- Okokugqibela, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kugcinwe ngexesha inyanga entsha, gcina isibhakabhaka simnyama kakhulu kwaye unxibe iimpahla ezifanelekileyo zeli xesha.
Ubume kunye nemvelaphi yegalaxy yeAndromeda
Isakhiwo seAndromeda ngokufanayo siyafana nayo yonke iminyele ejikelezayo:
- I-atomic nucleus enomngxunya omnyama ongaphakathi ngaphakathi.
- Ibhalbhu ejikeleze i-nucleus kwaye izaliswe ziinkwenkwezi iqhubela phambili kwindaleko.
- Idiski yomcimbi ophakathi kweenkwenkwezi.
- I-halo, indawo enkulu yokusasaza ejikeleze ulwakhiwo esele lukhankanyiwe, idityaniswa ne-halo ye-Milky Way engummelwane.
Iminyele yavela kwiiprogalaxies zamandulo okanye kumafu egesi, kwaye zahlelwa ixesha elifutshane ngokwentelekiso emva kweBig Bang, kwaye iBig Bang yadala indalo iphela. Ngexesha le-Big Bang, izinto ezaphukileyo ze-hydrogen kunye ne-helium zenziwa. Ngale ndlela, iproto-galaxy yokuqala kufuneka yenziwe ngezi zinto.
Ekuqaleni, umba uhanjiswa ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha uqokelela kancinci kunabanye. Phi Ukuxinana kuphezulu, amandla omxhuzulane aqala ukusebenza kwaye abangele ukuba izinto ezininzi zande. Ixesha elingaphezulu, amandla omxhuzulane enza iiprotogalaxies. I-Andromeda inokuba sisiphumo sokudityaniswa kweeprotogalaxies ezininzi ezenzeka malunga neminyaka eli-10 yezigidi eyadlulayo.
Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukuba iminyaka eqikelelwa kwindalo iphela iyi-13.700 yezigidigidi zeminyaka, i-Andromeda yenziwa kwakamsinya emva kweBig Bang, kanye njengeMilky Way. Ngexesha lobukho bayo, iAndromeda yathatha ezinye iiprotogalaxies kunye neminyele, iyinceda ukuba yenze ifom yangoku. Ngaphaya koko, inqanaba lokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi litshintshile ngokuhamba kwexesha, kuba inqanaba lokwakheka kweenkwenkwezi liyanda kwezi ndlela.
Cepheids
Izinto eziguqukayo zeCepheid ziinkwenkwezi eziqaqambe ngokugqithisileyo, ezikhanya ngakumbi kunelanga, ukuze zibonwe nokuba zikude kakhulu. I-Polaris okanye i-Pole Star ngumzekelo weenkwenkwezi eziguqukayo zeCepheid. Iimpawu zabo kukuba baya kutyhutyha amaxesha ngamaxesha kunye nokuncipha, apho ukuqaqamba kwabo kuya kunyuka kwaye kunciphe. Kungenxa yoko le nto zibizwa ngokuba ziinkwenkwezi.
Xa izibane ezimbini ezikhanyayo ngokulinganayo zibonwa mgama ebusuku, zinokukhanya okufanayo, kodwa omnye wemithombo yokukhanya usenokungakhanyi ngokusondeleyo kwaye usondele, ke zijongeka ngokufanayo.
Ubungakanani benkwenkwezi ehambelana nokukhanya kwayo: kuyacaca ukuba ubukhulu bobukhulu, kokukhanya okukhulu. Ngokuchasene noko, umahluko phakathi kobukhulu obubonakalayo kunye nobukhulu obungaphakathi buhambelana nomgama oya kumthombo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nomnyele weAndromeda kunye neempawu zayo.