Umaleko womhlaba

Ngoku siyayazi i Ubume beatmosfera, kukujika Umaleko woMhlaba. Ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo bekusoloko kufunwa ukuba kuchazwe esinako ngezantsi Uqweqwe lomhlaba. Zivela phi izimbiwa? Zingaphi iindidi zamatye ezikhoyo? Zeziphi iindawo zomhlaba wethu? Zininzi izinto ezingaziwayo eziye zaveliswa ukutyhubela imbali kwaye sifuna ukwazi ngazo.

Inxalenye yeGeology efunda ubume kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zoMhlaba yi I-Geodynamics yangaphakathi. Iplanethi yethu yenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo ezenza ubomi eMhlabeni. Ezi zinto zintathu zezi: Okuqinileyo, ulwelo kunye neegesi. Ezi zinto zifumaneka kumanqanaba oMhlaba ohlukeneyo.

Zininzi iindlela zokwahlula-hlula uMaleko woMhlaba. Kuhlobo olunye lokwahlulahlula zibizwa ngokuba ngamacandelo. Phakathi kwazo kukho umoya, i-hydrosphere kunye ne-geosphere. Yi-geosphere eqokelela lonke ulwakhiwo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zangaphakathi zomhlaba wethu. Umaleko wohlulwe kubini: Ingaphandle nengaphakathi. Kwimeko yethu, siza kugxila kumaleko angaphakathi oMhlaba, oko kukuthi, umphezulu woMhlaba uya kuba sisiqalo.

Umaleko womhlaba

Ukuqala ukuchaza umaleko woMhlaba, kufuneka senze umahluko kabini. Okokuqala, ikhrayitheriya yokwenziwa kweekhemikhali kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo oMhlaba ayasekwa. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, sifumana Ukuqhuma komhlaba, ingubo kunye nomxholo. Kukufowuna oko Imodeli emileyo. Elinye ikhrayitheriya lithathela ingqalelo iipropathi ezibonakalayo zomaleko okanye ikwabizwa ngokuba yimodeli yokuziphatha komatshini. Phakathi kwabo, sifumana i-lithosphere, i-asthenosphere, i-mesosphere kunye ne-endosphere.

Kodwa sazi njani apho umaleko uqala khona okanye uphela khona? Izazinzulu zifumene iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufumanisa uhlobo lwezinto kunye nezinto ze Umahluko wokwahlulahlula ngokupheliswa. Oku kuyekiswa ziindawo ezikumaleko angaphakathi oMhlaba apho uhlobo lwezinto ekubhalwe kulo umaleko lutshintsha ngesiquphe, oko kukuthi, ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali, okanye imeko apho izinto zifunyanwa khona (ukusuka kokuqinileyo ukuya kulwelo).

Kuqala, siza kuqala ngokuhlela ubeko lomhlaba kwimodeli yekhemikhali, oko kukuthi, umaleko woMhlaba uya kuba: Umhlaba, ingubo kunye nomongo.

Uqweqwe lomhlaba

Uqweqwe lomhlaba lolona luhlu lungaphezulu komhlaba. Inobuninzi obuphakathi kwe-3 gr / cm³ kwaye iqulethe kuphela I-1,6% yawo wonke umhlaba. Uqweqwe lomhlaba lwahlulwe lwangamacandelo amabini amakhulu ahlukaniswe kakuhle: Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi kunye nolwandlekazi.

Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi

Uqweqwe lwelizwekazi lutyebile kwaye lubume ngendlela entsonkothileyo. Ikwayile bark yakudala. Imele ama-40% omhlaba. Yenziwe ngumaleko obhityileyo wamatye e-sedimentary, aphakathi kwawo udongwe, amatye esanti kunye nelitye lekalika. Kananjalo banamatye ane-plutonic anezitye ezinjenge-granite. Njengomdla, kusematyeni e-continental indawo apho uninzi lweziganeko ze-geological ezithe zenzeka kuyo yonke imbali yoMhlaba ziye zabhalwa. Oku kunokwaziwa kuba amatye enze iinguqu ezininzi emzimbeni kunye neekhemikhali kwimbali. Umzekelo, oku kuyabonakala kwimimango yeentaba apho sinokufumana amatye akudala kakhulu anokufikelela ku lIminyaka engama-3.500 XNUMX yezigidi.

Ukuqhekeka kolwandle

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sinolwandle. Inobukhulu obuphantsi kunye nolwakhiwo olulula. Yenziwe ngamanqanaba amabini: umaleko obhityileyo kakhulu wentlenga kunye nolunye umaleko oneebasalts (zingamatye ane-volcanic igneous). Olu qweqwe lincinci ngenxa yokuba kuye kwakho ubungqina bokuba i-basalts iyaqhubeka ukwenziwa kwaye itshatyalaliswe, ukuze amatye e-oceanic crust mdala kune azidluli kwiminyaka engama-200 ezigidi.

Ekupheleni koqweqwe lomhlaba kukuphela koku Mohorovicic (Umngundo). Oku kungabikho kokusahlula umhlaba kuqweqwe lwengubo. Imalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-50 ubunzulu.

Ingubo yomhlaba

Ingubo yoMhlaba yenye yeendawo zomhlaba ezisukela kwisiseko sendawo eqweqwe ukuya kumbindi wangaphandle. Iqala nje emva kokupheliswa kweMoho kwaye kunjalo owona maleko mkhulu eMhlabeni. Ku malunga Iipesenti ezingama-82 zawo wonke umhlaba kunye ne-69% yawo wonke ubunzima bawo. Kwisambatho umntu unokukwazi ukwahlula, ngokwahlukeneyo, izaleko ezimbini ezahlulwe ngu Ukupheliswa kwesekondari kukaRepetti. Oku kuyekiswa kumalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-800 ubunzulu kwaye yile nto yahlula ingubo ephezulu kwesezantsi.

Kwingubo ephezulu sifumana "Ulwaleko D". Lo maleko ubekwe ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi kwe-200 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu kwaye ubonakaliswa ngu I-5% okanye i-10% yayo inyibilikisiwe. Oku kubangela ukuba ubushushu buphume embindini womhlaba ecaleni kwengubo. Njengokuba ubushushu buye bunyuka, amatye engubo afumana iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, anokunyukela phezulu kwaye enze iintaba-mlilo. Aba babiziwe "Iindawo ezishushu"

Ukubunjwa kwengubo kungaziwa ngolu vavanyo:

• IiMeteorites zeentlobo ezimbini: Ezokuqala zenziwa ziiperidotiti kunye neentsimbi.
• Iingxondorha ezikhoyo kumphezulu womhlaba kwiingubo ezisuswe zaya ngaphandle ngenxa yeentshukumo zetektoni.
• Iitshimini zentaba-mlilo: Zizimbobo ezijikelezileyo ezinzulu kakhulu apho i-magma yaphakama kwaye yazityhila. Inokuba zi-200 km ubude.
• Uvavanyo olufinyeza amaza enyikima xa edlula engubeni ebonisa ukuba kukho utshintsho lwesigaba. Utshintsho lwesigaba luquka uhlengahlengiso kubume bezimbiwa.

Ekupheleni kwengubo yomhlaba siyifumana Ukupheliswa kukaGutenberg. Oku kuyekiswa kohlula ingubo kumbindi womhlaba kwaye kubekwe malunga ne-2.900 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu.

Umxholo womhlaba

Umxholo womhlaba ngowona ndawo ingaphakathi eMhlabeni. Isusela ekuphelisweni kukaGutenberg ukuya kwiziko loMhlaba. Ingumda onesangqa esingama-3.486 km, ke unomthamo we I-16% yetotali yoMhlaba iyonke. Ubunzima bayo yi-31% yetotali yomhlaba kuba yenziwe ngezinto ezixineneyo.

Embindini umhlaba womazibuthe uveliswa ngenxa ye-convection currents yento engaphandle etyhidiweyo ejikeleze ingqibelelo yangaphakathi, eqinileyo. Unamaqondo aphezulu kakhulu ajikelezileyo Isidanga se-5000-6000 kunye noxinzelelo olulinganayo Isinye kwisithathu seatmosfera.

Isiseko somhlaba sahlulwe sangaphakathi nangaphandle kwaye umahluko unikwa ngu ukuyekiswa kweWiechert yesibini. Isiseko esingaphandle siphakathi kwe-2.900 km ubunzulu ukuya kwi-5.100 km kwaye ikwimeko etyhidiweyo. Kwelinye icala, isiseko sangaphakathi siphuma kwi- i-5.100 yeekhilomitha ubunzulu kumbindi woMhlaba malunga ne-6.000 km kwaye yomelele.

Umbindi womhlaba wenziwe ikakhulu ngentsimbi, ene-5-10% ye-nickel kunye nenxalenye esezantsi yesalfure, i-silicon kunye neoksijini. Uvavanyo olunceda ukwazi ulwazi lokwakheka kwenucleus zezi:

• Izinto ezixineneyo kakhulu, umzekelo. Ngenxa yoxinano lwabo oluphezulu bahlala kumbindi wangaphakathi woMhlaba.
• Amatye emetsimbi.
• Ukunqongophala kwentsimbi ngaphandle koqweqwe lomhlaba, oluxelela ukuba i-iron kufuneka igxile ngaphakathi.
• Ngensimbi ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, umhlaba we-magnetic field wenziwa.

Olu luhlu luvela kwimodeli ethathela ingqalelo ukwenziwa kweekhemikhali kwamacandelo oMhlaba ahlukeneyo kunye nezinto ezenza umhlaba. Ngoku sizokwazi ukwahlulwa kwamanqanaba omhlaba ukusuka Imodeli yokujonga umbono wokuziphatha kwayo koomatshiniOko kukuthi, ukusuka kwiipropathi zayo ezibonakalayo zezinto eziyenzileyo.

Inxalenye zomhlaba ngokwemodeli yoomatshini

Kule modeli, umaleko woMhlaba wahlulwe: I-Lithosphere, i-asthenosphere, i-mesosphere kunye ne-endosphere.

KwiNdalo

Uluhlu oluqinileyo olunayo malunga ne-100 km ubukhulu Ebandakanya isiseko kunye nolona maleko mkhulu wengubo ephezulu. Olu luhlu oluqinileyo kumaleko we-lithospheric ojikeleze uMhlaba.

I-Asthenosphere

Ngumaleko weplastiki ohambelana noninzi lwengubo ephezulu. Kukho Ukuhanjiswa kwemisinga kwaye ihamba rhoqo. Kubaluleke kakhulu kwii-tectonics. Le ntshukumo ibangelwa kukuhanjiswa, oko kukuthi, utshintsho kubuninzi bezinto.

Indawo

Ime kubunzulu be I-660 km kunye ne-2.900 km. Inxalenye yengubo esezantsi kunye nenxalenye yengaphandle yangaphandle yoMhlaba. Isiphelo sayo sinikwa kukuyekiswa kwesibini kweWiechert.

Indawo yendalo

Inomxholo ongaphakathi woMhlaba ochazwe apha ngasentla.

Njengoko ubona, izazinzulu ziye zafunda ingaphakathi loMhlaba ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zovavanyo kunye nobungqina ukuze bakwazi ukufunda ngakumbi nangakumbi malunga nomhlaba esihlala kuwo. Ukwenza uthelekiso lokuba kuncinci kangakanani esikwaziyo malunga nomhlaba weplanethi yethu, kufuneka sibonise uMhlaba ngokungathi yiapile. Ewe, ngayo yonke into esele ihambele phambili kwezobuchwephesha, olona phando lunzulu sele luphunyeziwe malunga ne-12 km ubunzulu. Ukuthelekisa iplanethi neapile, kufana nokuba sihlwiliwe ulusu lokugqibela lweapile yonke, apho imbewu yeziko iya kulingana nenucleus yasemhlabeni.

Inqaku elidibeneyo:

Ubume boMhlaba