UGalileo Galilei

UGalileo Galilei kunye negalelo kwi-astronomy

Ihlabathi le-physics kunye ne-astronomy kukho iingcamango ezininzi eziye zalawula okwangoku. Okokuqala, ukucacisa ukuba indalo isebenza njani, basixelele ukuba uMhlaba wawusembindini wendalo iphela ithiyori yelizwe. Emva kwexesha, enkosi UNicolaus Copernicus, kunye neyakhe ithiyori yelanga, kwakusaziwa ukuba iLanga liziko le ISistema Solar. Emva kokuba inguquko heliocentrism uyise ingqalelo inzululwazi mihla UGalileo Galilei. Imalunga nososayensi wase-Italiya owaqulunqa imithetho yokuqala yesindululo. Wazisa inkqubela phambili enkulu kwihlabathi leenkwenkwezi njengoko siza kubona kule posi.

Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi okungakumbi ngoGalileo Galilei? Apha sikuxelela yonke into.

I-Biography

UGalileo Galilei

UGalileo Galilei wazalelwa ePisa ngo-1564. Ngezinye iileta sinokufumana malunga nonina. Utata, uVincenzo Galili, wayenguFlorentine kwaye wayevela kusapho ekudala lubalasele. Wayengumculi ngobizo, nangona ubunzima bezoqoqosho bamnyanzela ukuba azinikele kwishishini. Ukusuka kuyise, uGalileo wazuza njengelifa ukuthanda umculo kunye nokuzimela. Ndiyabulela lo moya wokulwa, kwaba nakho ukuqhubela phambili kwihlabathi lophando.

Ngomnyaka we-1581 waqala ukufunda kwiYunivesithi yasePisa, apho wakwazi ukubhalisa kwihlabathi lezobisi. Emva kweminyaka emi-4 apho, wayishiya ngaphandle kokufumana nasiphi na isihloko, nangona esazi lukhulu ngoAristotle. Nangona akazange afumane isidanga, waqala kwihlabathi lemathematics. Unikele iminyaka ethile yobomi bakhe ezinikele kwimathematics kwaye wayenomdla kuyo yonke into eyayiyifilosofi kunye noncwadi. Emva kokunika iiklasi zovavanyo eFlorence naseSiena, wazama ukufumana umsebenzi kwiDyunivesithi yaseBoli, ePadua naseFlorence uqobo.

KwakusePisa apho uGalileo waqamba isicatshulwa malunga nentshukumo kwaye wagxeka inkcazo ka-Aristotle malunga nokuwa kwemizimba kunye nokuhamba kwe-projectiles. Kwaye nguAristotle, Kwiminyaka engamawaka amabini ngaphambili, wayethe imizimba enzima yawa ngokukhawuleza. UGalileo wangqina ukuba oku kububuxoki ngokuthi ngaxeshanye alahle imizimba emibini enobunzima obahlukeneyo ukusuka phezulu kwinqaba. Baye bakwazi ukuthelekisa ukuba babetha emhlabeni ngaxeshanye.

Ujolise ekuqwalaseleni iinyani kwaye azithobele phantsi kweemeko anokuzilawula kunye nokwenza ulingo olunokulinganiswa.

Iteleskopu yokuqala

UGalileo kunye neteleskopu

Ngokufa kukayise ngo-1591, uGalileo wanyanzelwa ukuba athathe uxanduva kusapho lwakhe. Ngenxa yoku, ubunzima bezoqoqosho baqala ukuba mandundu kwiminyaka. Ngo-1602 wakwazi ukuphinda aqalise izifundo awayeziqale ngokuhamba Kwaye waqala nge-isochronism ye-pendulum kunye nokuhamba kwayo kunye nenqwelomoya. Ngezi zifundo wazama ukungqina ukuba uthini umthetho wokuwa kwebhasi. Ngo-1609 wavelisa zonke izimvo zakhe ezapapasha umsebenzi wakhe obizwa ngokuba yi » Iintetho kunye nemiboniso yezibalo ejikeleze iisayensi ezimbini ezintsha (1638) ».

Kwakuloo nyaka mnye waya eVenice eyokucela ukunyuselwa imivuzo kwaye waba neendaba zobukho besixhobo esitsha esasibonwa kude. Kungoko uGalileo Galilei wanikezela iminyaka yomzamo wokuphucula nokwenza iteleskopu yokuqala.

Emva koko waba ngumntu owenza isixhobo esele sikhona kwaye sinenzuzo enkulu yesayensi kunye nokwazi yonke into esinayo ngaphandle kweplanethi. Ngo-1610 kwaqwalaselwa okokuqala iNyanga. Utolike ukuba le nto ayibonayo bubungqina obuchanekileyo bobukho beentaba kwisathelayithi yethu.

Xa ufumanisa iisetellites ezi-4 zeJupiter, wakwazi ukwazi ukuba uMhlaba wawungelilo iziko lazo zonke iintshukumo. Ngapha koko, wakwazi ukubona ukuba iVenus inezigaba ezithile ezifanayo nezenyanga. Yile ndlela inkqubo yokukhanya kwelanga kweCopernicus yaqinisekiswa ngayo. UGalileo ubhale isicatshulwa ngokukhawuleza kuba wayefuna ukwazisa zonke izinto azifumeneyo. Akuzange kube kudala waqatshelwa ngomsebenzi wakhe uMthunywa waseSidereal. UJohannes kepler Bendiqala ukumthemba. Nangona kunjalo, kamva wakwazi ukubona zonke izibonelelo ezivela ekusebenziseni iteleskopu.

Ukufunyanwa kweenkwenkwezi

UGalileo Galilei kunye nokufumanisa kwakhe

Ukhuphe iileta ezininzi apho anike ubungqina obungathandabuzekiyo bobume ngokubanzi besibhakabhaka. Uye wathi zonke ezi mvavanyo bazinika uCopernicus ukukwazi ukugatya inkqubo ka-Ptolemy yobugcisa. Ngeli xesha, ngelishwa, ezi zimvo zinomdla wokuncina. Nangona kunjalo, baphikisana ngesisombululo esichaseneyo kwaye baqala ukukrokrela ukuba uCopernicus wayengumqhekeki.

Inqanaba lokugqibela lobomi bukaGalileo Galilei laqala xa wayehlala eFlorence ngo-1610. Kule minyaka, incwadi yayisele ipapashiwe malunga namabala elanga awafunyanwa yi-Jesuit yaseJamani Christof Scheiner. UGalileo wayesele ezibonile ezi ndawo zelanga ngaphambili kwaye wazibonisa abantu ababalulekileyo xa wayeseRoma. Olu hambo alwenza eRoma lwamnceda kakhulu njengoko waba lilungu leAccademia dei Lincei. Olu luntu lwaba lolokuqala olunikezelwe kwisayensi olwahlala ixesha.

Ngo-1613 uphando ngeenkwenkwezi kwi Imbali kunye nemiboniso malunga neeplanga kunye neengozi zabo, apho uGalileo weza ngokuchasene nokutolika kukaScheiner. UmJesuit waseJamani wayecinga ukuba amabala ziziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Isicatshulwa saqala impikiswano enkulu malunga nokuba ngubani owokuqala ukufumanisa amabala elanga. Oku kwenza amaJesuit waba yenye yeentshaba ezinamandla zikaGalileo Galilei kwicandelo lesayensi kunye nophando.

Ewe kunjalo, konke oku kwafikelela ezindlebeni zophando. UGalileo wabizwa eRoma ukuze aphendule kwezinye izityholo. Isazi ngeenkwenkwezi sacholwa esixekweni ngeentetho ezinkulu zentlonipho kwaye, njengoko ingxoxo malunga nezityholo zakhe yayiqhubeka, abancinisi babengavumi ukunika iingalo zabo ukujija okanye ngokuzithandela balandele iingxoxo ezilungileyo kakhulu awayezishiya.

Ngo-1616 wafumana isiluleko sokuba angazifundisi esidlangalaleni iingcamango zikaCopernicus. Ekugqibeleni, eneminyaka engama-70 ubudala, uGalileo wayesele eyindoda esisilumko kwaye Usweleke ekuzeni kokusa ngoJanuwari 9, 1642.

Ndiyathemba ukuba i-biografi kaGalileo Galilei ikunceda ukuba wazi ngakumbi malunga nezazinzulu ezihlaziye i-astronomy.


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