El Pico de Orizaba Ifumaneka phezulu eMexico naseMntla Melika. Yincopho enentaba-mlilo ebinogqabhuko-dubulo oluqinisekisiweyo kwimbali yayo yonke. Inenani elikhulu leentsomi kunye namabali anomdla ukwazi.
Ngoko ke, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo malunga nencopho ye-Orizaba, iimpawu zayo, ukuqhuma kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Iimpawu ze-Orizaba peak
NgesiNahuatl, igama lencopho ye-Orizaba yiCitlaltépetl, elithetha "intaba yeenkwenkwezi" okanye "induli yeenkwenkwezi". Ngokutsho kwentsomi, uthixo wama-Aztec uQuetzalcóatl wenyuka intaba-mlilo ngenye imini waza waqalisa uhambo lwakhe olusinge ngonaphakade. Kwimbali yayo kukho i-23 eqinisekisiweyo yokuqhuma kunye ne-2 engapheliyo. I-Pico de Orizaba yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo kunye nentaba-mlilo eMexico naseMntla Melika. I-Pico de Orizaba yenziwe kwi-limestone kunye nesileyiti ngexesha leCretaceous.
Kanye embindini, amadangatye adla umzimba wakhe ofayo, kodwa umphefumlo wakhe wathabatha imo ye-quetzal ephaphazelayo de, ibonwe ngezantsi, ibonakala ngathi inkwenkwezi eqaqambileyo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ama-Aztec athi yiCitlaltépetlal volcano. I-Pico de Orizaba yeyona ndawo iphakamileyo kunye nentaba-mlilo eMexico naseMntla Melika. Inkqubo ye-Global Volcano ye-Smithsonian Institution iqikelela ukuphakama kwayo kwi-5.564 yeemitha, nangona i-Geological Service yaseMexico ibeka kwi-5.636 yeemitha ngaphezu kolwandle. Kwelakhe icala, iNational Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) iqinisekisa ukuba intaba-mlilo inobude obuziimitha ezingama-5.610.
Ibekwe ngokwejografi phakathi kwamazwe aseVeracruz kunye nePuebla kumazantsi ombindi welizwe. Ibonwa ukusuka kumgangatho wolwandle, imilo yayo iphantse yalingane kwaye iqulathe ingqungquthela enkulu kunye ne-oval crater eziimitha ezingama-500 ububanzi kunye neemitha ezingama-300 ubunzulu. Iyinxalenye yeTransversal Volcanic Axis, inkqubo yeentaba kumda osemazantsi wepleyiti yoMntla Merika. Yenye yeentaba-mlilo ezintathu zomkhenkce eMexico, ingakumbi emantla nasemntla-ntshona. Ezi ngqimba zomkhenkce zehle kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje.
Ukusekwa kwentaba-mlilo yePico de Orizaba
I-axis yentaba-mlilo enqamlezileyo iqulathe iintaba-mlilo ezininzi kwaye sisiphumo sokuthotywa (ukuwa) kweepleyiti zeCocos kunye neRivera ngaphantsi kwepleyiti yaseMntla Melika. I-Pico de Orizaba yenziwe ngaphaya kwe-limestone kunye ne-shale ngexesha le-Cretaceous, kodwa yayiyilwe ngoxinzelelo oluvela kwi-magma efunyenwe phakathi kwemida yepleyiti.
Le stratovolcano iphuhlise imilo yayo kwizigidi zeminyaka, echazwe ngokuchonga izigaba ezithathu ezihambelana ne-3 yangoku ye-stratovolcanoes engaphezulu, apho ukwakhiwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwakuqhelekileyo. Inqanaba lokuqala laqala malunga nesigidi seminyaka eyadlulayo kuMbindi wePleistocene, xa isiseko sonke sentaba-mlilo saphuhliswa. Ilava ekhutshiweyo kumbindi woMhlaba yaqina yaza yenza iTorrecillas stratovolcano, kodwa yawa phantsi. Icala elikumntla-mpuma lakhokelela ekusekweni kwecaldera kwiminyaka engama-250.000 eyadlulayo.
Kwinqanaba lesibini, i-Espolón de Oro cone yavela emantla e-Torrecillas crater kwaye. intaba-mlilo yaqhubeka ikhula kwicala elingasentshona. Esi sakhiwo sawohloka malunga neminyaka eyi-16.500 XNUMX eyadlulayo, emva koko kwabakho isigaba sesithathu: ukwakhiwa kwekhowuni yangoku ngaphakathi kwi-crater efana ne-horseshoe eshiywe yi-Espolón de Oro. Kukwakho intetho yesigaba sesine, esiquka ukwakhiwa kwezinye iidome ze-lava ezakhiwe ngexesha uphuhliso lwe-Espolón de Oro: iTecomate kunye neColorado. I-volcano yangoku yadityaniswa ngexesha le-Pleistocene kunye neHolocene epochs, kwaye umsebenzi wayo waqala ngokuphuma kwe-dacite lava eyakha iicones zayo ezinqabileyo.
Rashes
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lokugqibela lwePico de Orizaba lususela kwi-1846 kwaye ibingasebenzi ukusukela ngoko. Kwimbali yayo kukho i-23 eqinisekisiweyo yokuqhuma kunye ne-2 engapheliyo. Ama-Aztec abhala iziganeko ngo-1363, 1509, 1512 kunye no-1519-1528, kwaye kukho ubungqina bolunye ugqabhuko-dubulo ngo-1687, 1613, 1589-1569, 1566 no-1175. Ngokucacileyo isehlo sokuqala esingqiniweyo yi-7530 BCE. C±40. Ngaphandle kokuba yi-stratovolcano kunye nekhowuni ephambili eyenziwe lugqabhuko-dubulo, i-Pico de Orizaba ayihambi phantsi kwimbali njengenye yezona ntaba-mlilo zitshabalalisayo eMexico.
Izixhobo
Intaba-mlilo yenze imilambo emininzi, kuquka imilambo iCotaxtla, iJamapa, iBlanco kunye neOrizaba. Ibekwe kwindawo epholileyo epholileyo ehlotyeni kwaye kunemvula phakathi kwehlobo nobusika.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizityalo kunye nezilwanyana, amahlathi e-coniferous ahamba phambili, ikakhulukazi i-pines kunye ne- oyamel, kodwa uya kufumana i-alpine scrub kunye ne-zacatonales. Likhaya lee<em>bobcats, ii<em>skunks, iimpuku zentaba-mlilo, kunye nee<em>voles zaseMexico.
Unokuziqhelanisa nemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, eyona ibalaseleyo kukukhwela ibhayisekile entabeni kunye nokunyuka. Yintaba-mlilo ephantse yalingene elinganayo enemingxuma embhoxo emalunga ne-480 x 410 yeemitha ububanzi. I-crater inommandla we-154.830 square metres kunye nobunzulu be-300 yeemitha. Ukusuka encotsheni ungabona ezinye iintaba ezifana ne-Iztaccíhuatl kunye nePopocatépetl (iintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo), iMalinche kunye neCofre de Perote.
Iintaba-mlilo ngowona mthombo ungundoqo wokubonelela ngamanzi kuluntu oluninzi. Ezintathu kwezintlanu zomkhenkce kwiPico de Orizaba ziye zanyamalala kule minyaka ingama-50 idlulileyo, zishiya iJamapa Glacier kuphela, eqala kwiimitha ezingama-5,000 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle kwaye ngowona mkhenkce mkhulu eMexico nakuMbindi Merika.
Abaphandi beZiko leeSayensi zeAtmospheric yaseMexico baye baqinisekisa ukuba imiphumo yokufudumala kwehlabathi ibichaphazela ummandla wentaba-mlilo. Umkhenkce wezona ntaba-mlilo zintathu ziphakamileyo eMexico uyanyamalala. Kwi-Iztaccíhuatl kunye nePopocatépetl akukho nto iseleyo, ngelixa i-Pico de Orizaba isendleleni enye yokunciphisa ubukhulu kunye nokwandiswa kwayo. Kuyo yonke imbali yayo kukho i-23 eqinisekisiweyo yokuqhuma kunye nokudubula okubili okungapheliyo, ukuqhuma kokugqibela okususela kwi-1846. Ayithathwa njenge-volcano eyonakalisayo.
Yintoni ilivo likaPico de Orizaba?
Intsomi yendawo ithi kwakudala, ngexesha le-Olmec, kwakukho umlo omkhulu ogama linguNavalny. Ungumfazi omhle kwaye unesibindi kwaye uhlala ehamba nomhlobo wakhe othembekileyo u-Ahuilizapan, oku kuthetha "Orizaba", i-osprey enhle.
UNahuani kwafuneka ajamelane nelona dabi likhulu waza woyiswa. Umhlobo wakhe uAhui Lizapan wayenomsindo omkhulu, wenyukela phezulu esibhakabhakeni wawa phantsi kakhulu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nencopho ye-Orizaba kunye neempawu zayo.