El ICenozoic Lixesha elahlulwe laba zii-epochs ezimbini ezaziwa njenge Ipleistocene y Holocene. IHolocene lixesha lokugqibela elaziwayo kuba kulapho ikhoyo iplanethi yethu ngoku. Iqale malunga neminyaka eyi-12.000 eyadlulayo, kanye i-10.000 BC kwaye siseHolocene namhlanje. Ngeli xesha uninzi lokuphuhliswa koluntu ligqityiwe ukusukela oko kwavela imbonakalo ye Homo sapiens kubuchwephesha esinabo namhlanje.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neHolocene epoch.
Iimpawu ngokubanzi
Ngeli xesha iplanethi itshintshe kakhulu. Uninzi lotshintsho oluye lwabonwa lukwizinto eziphilayo okoko isenzo sendoda yangoku kumawakawaka eentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana kwaye zibangela ukuphela. Abantu baye baba zezona ntlobo zibalaseleyo emhlabeni ngaphandle kokwenza umonakalo omkhulu.
IHolocene ichaphazele iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-12.000 kwaye yeyona ibandakanya lonke uluntu. Ngeli xesha, ukusekwa kwamaqela okuqala ezentlalo kunye nempucuko yokuqala yabantu kunye nophuhliso lokubhala, uhambo lokuhlola kunye nenkcubeko enkulu, inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha kunye netekhnoloji, phakathi kwabanye, inokugutyungelwa.
Ngeli xesha kuye kwakho ukuphela kwezinto ezininzi eziye zaqwalaselwa ngenkqubo eqhubekayo nesisigxina. Ezi ntlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zincitshisiwe ngamanani amakhulu ngenxa yesenzo sabantu. Yonke le nkqubo ihlelwe ziingcali njengenye yeenkqubo zokutshabalalisa ezinzulu ezithe zenzeka kwiplanethi yethu. Kungenxa yokuba ukupheliswa akubanga ngenxa yesenzo semeko yokusingqongileyo kodwa kungenxa yolunye lweentlobo zezinto eziphilayo kulo mhlaba kwaye sele ingoyena ubalaseleyo.
Ngexesha le-Holocene kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba kukho ixesha le-interglacial. Oko kukuthi, ixesha apho ukupholisa okunzulu kuphela kwaye kukho indawo encinci egutyungelwe ngumkhenkce. Kulindelwe ukuba kwikamva elingekude kakhulu enye indawo iya kubakho ukusukela oko, ngenxa yezifundo esinazo kunye nolwazi ngeerekhodi zeefosili, elinye ixesha le-glaciation liza kuqala kungekudala okanye kufuneka liqale.
Holocene Geology
Ngokubhekisele kwi-geology, lixesha apho kuye kwakho ukubaluleka okuncinci ukusukela oko Khange kubekho lutshintsho lukhulu kwiintshukumo ze-orogenic, nokuba kungokuqwalaselwa kwamazwekazi. Ezinye iziqwenga ebezililizwekazi elikhulu ezaziwa njengePangea ziye zaqhubeka nokushukuma kodwa ngesantya esisezantsi kunakwiminyaka yakudala. Umgama ohlanganisa amazwekazi ukusukela ekuqaleni kweli xesha ukuza kuthi ga ngoku ubuyikhilomitha enye kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba inyambalala yamazwekazi ayinakuze iyeke ukushukuma kwaye kulindeleke ukuba kwisithuba seminyaka embalwa ezizigidi baphinde badibane baphinde benze enye i-supercontinent.
Ngeli xesha kuye kwakho ukonyuka kwinqanaba lolwandle ngenxa yokunyibilika okanye ngumkhenkce. Uninzi lwemihlaba namhlanje egxunyekwe phantsi kwamanzi yafunyanwa ekuqaleni ukuba yenze iibhulorho phakathi kweminye imimandla. Ngale ndlela, kunokuthiwa ukunyibilika akubangekanga emva kwenkqubo ethe chu kodwa kukho amaxesha apho i-thaw ifikelele kwiincopho ezithile ezibangela ukuba ulwandle lukhuphuke ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuthatha ingqalelo kwezi datha kunokugqitywa kwelokuba inqanaba lolwandle lenyuse i-35 yeemitha zizonke ukusukela oko kwaqala iHolocene. Inyani exhalabisayo yeyokuba kule minyaka ingama-25 idlulileyo amanqanaba olwandle enyuke kwakhona kwinqanaba elimalunga ne-3mm ngonyaka, ethe yakhawuleziswa noko ukuba leliphi inqanaba eliqhelekileyo. Oku kungenxa yokonyuka kweqondo lokudalwa kwendlu ebangela ukwanda kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi kwaye kubangelwa sisenzo sezinye iigesi ezikwaziyo ukugcina ubushushu.
Imozulu yeHolocene
Amaqondo obushushu ngeli xesha anzima kakhulu kunamaxesha angaphambili. Kungenxa yokuba lixesha elidala. Amaqondo obushushu aphakathi anyuke okanye phakathi kwe-4 ne-9 degrees malunga. Ubushushu bomhlaba bebungalingani, kuba kweminye imimandla kuye kwakho ukonyuka okukhulu kwaye kwezinye ukwehla okufanayo. Imihlaba eye yafumana eyona ndawo ipholileyo yile ibekwe emazantsi.
Kweminye imimandla apho bahlala benemozulu yasentlango, ulawulo lwemvula lwaqala ukwanda.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
Ukuphuhliswa kobomi ngexesha le-Holocene khange inike ulungiso oluninzi kwimbono yendaleko. Owona mkhwa uphawuleka kakhulu onokumelwa kule minyaka kukuba iintlobo sele ziqalisile ukunyamalala ngokukhawuleza kunangaphambili. Uninzi ludibanisa oku kwehla kweentlobo nokubonakala kwabantu. Ukupheliswa kuyaqhubeka kude kube lixesha langoku xa kukho inani elikhulu leentlobo ezisengozini yokuphela.
Izityalo ezisasazwa kakhulu kwinqanaba leplanethi zii-angiosperms. Imimandla yetropiki ekufutshane ne-Ecuador yiyo apho kukho elona nani likhulu lamahlathi afumileyo anentabalala yezityalo kunye nezityalo nezilwanyana ezohlukeneyo. Kwiindawo ezikufutshane neepali uhlaza lutshintsha kakhulu. Izityalo ezinamagqabi kunye nokufuma kwehlathi kungena kwezinye iintlobo zemithi ezilungelelaniswe namaqondo obushushu asezantsi.
Ngokubhekisele kwizilwanyana, izilwanyana azikahlukanga kangako ngexesha le-Holocene. Uhlobo olwaziyo ukulugcina ngalo lonke eli xesha alukhange lwenzeke naluphi na utshintsho okanye uguquko. Eyona nto ibonakalisiweyo kunye nexesha elide kukutshabalala kwezilwanyana zasemhlabeni nezaselwandle. Konke oku kubangelwa sisenzo somntu kunye nomnqweno wakhe wokoyisa iplanethi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Holocene.