El Matterhorn Ime kumda ophakathi kweSwitzerland neItali. Ime ngaphezu kwesixeko saseZermatt kwikanton yeValais kumantla-mpuma kunye neBreuil-Cervinia kwiNtlambo yeAosta emazantsi. Incopho yayo ifikelela kubude obuziimitha ezingama-4.478, nto leyo eyenza ibe yenye yezona ncopho ziphakamileyo kwiiAlps. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba yeyona ntaba idumileyo kwiiAlps, yaye ukumila kwayo kwephiramidi kuye kwaphindwa kaninzi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, i-geology, ukwakheka kunye nokunye okuninzi malunga neNtaba iCervino.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Imilo eyodwa yeMatterhorn yenye yezona ntaba zibalaseleyo emhlabeni. Oku kuphakama kwiiAlps kuyahluka ngokwengingqi kunye nolwimi: Matterhorn ngesiJamani kunye neMonte Cervino ngesiTaliyane nangeSpanish, ukubalula ezimbalwa. Kubonakala ngathi igama lithetha "intaba ethafeni" ngesiJamani.
Uphawu lweeAlps, yenye yezona ncopho ziphakamileyo eYurophu, yanyuka okokuqala ngo-1865 ngumkhweli weentaba weNgesi u-Edward Whymper.
IMatterhorn yenye yeendawo eziphakamileyo zeeAlps, ezikumda weSwitzerland neItali. Ikummandla weentaba owaziwa ngokuba ziiPennine Alps, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-10 ukusuka eZermatt, eSwitzerland. Ibonisa incopho enqabileyo kwaye iphantse igqibelele emile okwephiramidi enawo onke amaqhina ama-4 kunye namacala aphantse abe sicaba ahlulwe ziinduli zeLeone, iZmutt, iFurggen kunye neHörnli, ukukhomba phantse ngokuthe ngqo kwii-4 cardinal points. Emantla, empuma, nasentshona zilungelelaniswe kwicala leSwitzerland, ngelixa emazantsi kwicala laseItali.
Intaba ineencopho ezimbini: incopho yaseSwitzerland kunye ne-Italian. Ngobude obuqikelelwayo beemitha ezingama-4.478, yeyona ndawo yesithandathu ukuphakama kwiiAlps. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintaba zealpine, umphezulu wayo awugqunywanga ngokupheleleyo likhephu nomkhenkce, kodwa iinxalenye ezinkulu ezimdaka zamatye zinokubonwa, nangona kunjalo, awukashiywanga ngumkhenkce omkhulu emazantsi entaba. Ngokomzekelo, iMatterhorn Glacier ihleli emazantsi entaba. Iintsasa ziqhelekile ukuba ziidigri ezimbalwa ngaphantsi kwe-zero ngenxa yokuphakama kunye nekhephu, kodwa imini inokuba shushu kancinci.
Ngo-2014, izazinzulu zokwakheka komhlaba zanika ingxelo kwiphephancwadi iNature Revelation ukuba zifumene ubungqina bokuba a igumbi elikhulu umngxuma ngaphakathi Matterhorn, lokanye icebisa ukuba yayinokuwa ngokukhawuleza nangamandla ngaxa lithile embalini. Kakade ke, uphando olungakumbi luyafuneka kule ndawo.
Ukusekwa kweMatterhorn
Ekubeni iMatterhorn iyintaba ekwiiAlps, ukuvela kwayo kwaqala xa intaba yaqalisa ukubonakala phezu komhlaba. Le nkqubo yaqala xa iPangea yaqala ukuqhekeka kwaye yaqhekeka yaba yiLaurasia neGondwana. Zombini izihlwele zahlulwe yi-Tethys Ocean. Imilo yatshintsha kwakhona xa uqweqwe lwangaphakathi loMhlaba lwashukumayo kwiminyaka eyi-100 yezigidi eyadlulayo, yaza ke iAfrika yahamba kancinci isiya ngaseYurophu bade basondelelana kakhulu.
Xa ilizwekazi laseYurophu langqubana nepleyiti yaseApulian, uqweqwe lwasongwa ekuhambeni kweminyaka. Emva koko, malunga nezigidi ezingama-50 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. uqweqwe lwaqala ukunyuka de iMatterhorn ibonakale ngokupheleleyo. Nangona kunjalo, ayifani nanamhlanje kuba imilo yayo yimveliso yokhukuliseko lomkhenkce, kwaye ingqungquthela yayo yenziwe ngamatye aliqela.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana zaseMatterhorn
Ngenxa yobuhle bayo bendalo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo ngokwembali nenkcubeko, le ntaba yenye yeentaba ezifotwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokungqonge izakhiwo zayo ezibalaseleyo, kukho iintlambo ezinkulu eziluhlaza ezizele yingca, imifuno nezityalo eziziintyatyambo ezimfutshane, kunye nemithi efana nemithi yomthi we<em>conifers. IiAlps likhaya lezityalo ezivelisa iintyatyambo ezinokuphila ngaphezu kweemitha ezingama-4000, kodwa ngokobugcisa isiqingatha esiphezulu sentaba asinazo zityalo. Ubulembu budla ngokubotshelelwa kwawona matye aphakamileyo ezintabeni kwaye atyelelwa ziibhokhwe zasendle.
Ngokubhekiselele kwizilwanyana, kuyaziwa ukuba iintaba ikhaya leentlobo ezingaphezu kwama-30.000 zezilwanyana zasendle, kuquka izilwanyana ezanyisayo, iintaka, izinambuzane nezinye izilwanyana ezirhubuluzayo. Ibex yaseSpain (iCapra ibex) ngumkhweli odumileyo okwaziyo ukuchitha ixesha elininzi phezulu kunye nesithuba esincinci phakathi kwamatye.
sezulu
IMatterhorn ineencopho ezimbini ezihlukeneyo, zombini kumatye aphakamileyo aziimitha ezili-100 ubude: incopho yaseSwitzerland (4477,5 m) ngasempuma kunye ne-Italian (4476,4 m) ngasentshona. Igama layo livela kwindawo yokuqala, kungekhona ngenxa yezizathu zejografi, kuba zombini zisemdeni. Umphakamo wale ntaba waqale wajongwa yi-geologist yase-Geneva kunye nomkhenkethi u-Horace Bénédict de Saussure ngo-Agasti ka-1792, esebenzisa ityathanga eliziimitha ezingama-50 elijikeleza i-Theodul Glacier kunye ne-sextant. Wabala ubude bama-4.501,7 eemitha. Ngowe-1868, injineli yaseItali uFelice Giordano yalinganisa ubude beemitha ezingama-4.505 ngesixhobo sokulinganisa i-mercury awasithatha ukuya encotsheni. Imephu yaseDufour, elandelwa kamva ngabahloli bamazwe baseTaliyane, yanika i-4.482 yeemitha, okanye i-14.704 yeenyawo, njengobude bengqungquthela yaseSwitzerland.
Umlinganiselo wamva nje (1999) wenziwa kusetyenziswa ubuchwepheshe beGPS, obunika ubude beMatterhorn ngokuchaneka kwesentimitha enye, kwaye utshintsho lwayo luye lwajongwa. Umphumo waba ziimitha ezingama-4.477,54 ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.
ijiology
Uninzi lweenduli zikwi-Tsaté nappe, iintsalela ze-Piedmontese-Ligurian oceanic crust (ophiolite) kunye namatye ayo entlenga. Intaba ifikelela kubude beemitha ezingama-3.400 kwaye yenziwe ngamatye aqhubekayo e-ophiolite kunye ne-sedimentary rocks. Ukusuka kwiimitha ezingama-3.400 ukuya encotsheni, iliwa lisuka kwiDent Blanche nappe (ukwakheka kwamatye eAlpine aseAustralia). Bahlulwe ngoluhlu lwe-Arolla (ngaphantsi kwe-4.200 m) kunye nebhanti yeValpelline (ngasentla). Ezinye iintaba kulo mmandla (Weisshorn, Zinalrothorn, Dent Blanche, Mont Collon) nazo zezeDent Blanche nappe.
IMatterhorn iphuhlise imbonakalo yayo yephiramidi kumaxesha amvanje ngenxa yokhukuliseko lwendalo kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo. Ekuqaleni kweAlpine orogeny. iMatterhorn yayiyintaba nje engqukuva njengentaba encinane. Ngenxa yobude bayo obungaphezu kwekhephu, amacala ayo agqunywe ngumkhenkce, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ikhephu libe yimfumba lize lihlangane.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neNtaba yeCervino kunye neempawu zayo.