I-Kilimanjaro

Enye yeentaba ezaziwa kakhulu kuyo yonke inkcubeko ethandwayo yile I-Kilimanjaro. Yintaba-mlilo kathathu eyenziwe nge-3 kunye ne-volcanic. Nganye ithathwa njengencopho kwaye yaziwa ngamagama eKibo, Mawenzi, naseShira. Kwezi ncopho zintathu, iKibo yeyona iphakamileyo kuzo zonke. Ime e-Afrika kwaye yeyona ntaba iphakamileyo kwilizwekazi liphela enobude obuziimitha ezingama-5.895 ngaphezulu komphakamo wolwandle. Yaziwa njengeyona ntaba iphakamileyo ezizimeleyo emhlabeni.

Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, ukubunjwa kunye nokuqhuma kweKilimanjaro.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Kuyo yonke imbali bekuxoxwa ngayo ziijoloji kunye nakwezentaba-mlilo ukuba iKilimanjaro yintaba-mlilo ephelayo okanye eleleyo. Ihlelwe njengolala phantsi. Ingaguqulelwa njengeleleyo kwaye ithetha uhlobo lwentaba-mlilo engakhange iqhume ixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, inokwenza njalo nangaliphi na ixesha. Oko kuthetha ukuba intaba-mlilo ilele. Kuthetha ukuba, nangona ingadubulanga, inokwenza njalo nangaliphi na ixesha. Ayipheli.

Intaba-mlilo eleleyo isenokuva iigesi okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo. Ngokwahlukileyo, intaba-mlilo engapheliyo ayisenayo ngokwaneleyo imagma ukuze ikhuphe. Kwimeko yeKilimanjaro esiyifumanayo iiMawenzi kunye neShira ziziincopho ezimbini ezingasekhoyo. Kungenxa yokuba ayisenayo ngokwaneleyo imagma yokukhupha ugqabhuko-dubulo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Kilimanjaro xa iyonke isahleli sithathwa njengengasebenzi njengoko incopho yeKibo isaphefumla igesi.

I-Kilimanjaro iphela yenziwe nge stratovolcano okanye i-volcano edityanisiweyo. Olu luhlobo lwentaba-mlilo olwenziwe ngokuqokelelana kwemibhobho eyahlukeneyo yezixhobo ezazomelela. Ezi zinto ikakhulu luthuthu kunye nepumice. I-Kibo Peak luphondo olusembindini kunye nokuphela kwalo olusebenzayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngokwendawo siyibeke eTanzania, ebekwe malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-330 emazantsi e-Ecuador kwaye ikufuphi nomda weKenya. Le ntaba iphakama ngaphezu kwethafa kwaye enye yeethambeka layo ligutyungelwe ngamahlathi enza umahluko omnandi kuwo onke amadlelo alapha kumathafa ajikelezileyo.

Kuba i-Kilimanjaro inokuphakama okungaphezulu kwe-5.000 yeemitha, ngexesha lasebusika ihlala ineencopho zekhephu. Kulapha ukuba enye yezona ndawo zintle kwihlabathi zinikezelwa. Kwaye sinokubona ikhephu kunye ne-savanna kwindawo enye. Le ntaba inelinye lamacwecwe omkhenkce phezulu ngobunzima obukhulu, kodwa iyancipha ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemozulu. I-Kilimanjaro ilahlekelwe malunga neepesenti ezingama-80 zayo yonke iqhwa ukususela ngo-1912.

Ukuyilwa kweKilimanjaro

Le ntaba ibekwe ecaleni komda ipleyiti etyhidiweyo. Olu hlobo lweplate yeetectonic yileyahlula umdla kwaye iyakwazi ukuvumela i-magma ukuba ivele kwimimandla enzulu. Yiyo loo nto ukuyilwa kwentaba-mlilo. Ngokukodwa i-Kilimanjaro ifunyenwe kwimpuma ye-Afrika ese Mpuma. Lo mmandla waziwa njengokuqhekeka apho iplate yetafile yaseAfrika ngokuthe ngcembe yahlulahlula ibe ziipleyiti ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Kuyaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngenxa yokuba yenziwe kumda osebenzayo. Apha kule mida imagma ihamba ngubo iphela yoMhlaba ide inyukele phezulu.

Ukusekwa kweKilimanjaro kwenzeka ngaphantsi kwesigidi seminyaka eyadlulayo. Konke oku kukhula kuyeke malunga neminyaka engama-300.000 eyadlulayo. Yonke le nto yaqala ngogqabhuko-dubulo kunye nomsebenzi wayo eShira malunga neminyaka ezizigidi ezi-2.5 eyadlulayo. Ngexesha le Pliocene yonke imisebenzi ye-volcanic yenzeka kwaye yaphela iminyaka eyi-1.9 yezigidi eyadlulayo. Sele sele malunga nesigidi seminyaka eyadlulayo i-Kibo kunye ne-Mawenzi iincopho zaqala ukumilisela izinto ezivela kumbindi womhlaba.

Uninzi lwalo lonke uphuhliso lweKilimanjaro lwenzekile ngexesha le Ipleistocene. Imozulu yeli xesha inokumiselwa kusetyenziswa ezinye iindlela ezinje ngokufunda amanqanaba amachibi, ukuhamba kwemilambo, iinkqubo zeendunduma, ubungakanani bomkhenkce kunye nokufunda ngomungu. Ukusuka quaternary Amaxesha amakhulu angama-21 e-ice aye enzeka naseMpuma Afrika. Imizila yokuphola kwemozulu yale ndawo iphela ingafumaneka kwiKilimanjaro.

Imozulu ibonisa ukuba zonke iziqu zezinto eziphilayo zaziqokelelwe zodwa kwaye zohlobo lweAlpine ezineentyatyambo nezilwanyana ezifanayo. Kuthetha ukuba i-ecosystem ibibanzi kwaye iphantsi ukuphakama ekuqaleni. Emva kwexesha, kunye nophuhliso lweencopho, imeko-bume iphela yaguqulwa kwaye iintlobo zanyanzeleka ukuba ziqhelane.

Rashes

Nangona sele sichazile ukuba i-Kibo kuphela kwento enokukwazi ukuqhuma, ngokuqinisekileyo iya kunika usuku olunye. Umsebenzi wokuqhuma owenzeka e-Kilimanjaro Inokujongwa kwiminyaka eyi-2.5 yezigidi eyadlulayo njengesiphumo seSira cone. Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, akukho qhushumbo lwembali lwentaba-mlilo okwaziwayo ngoku. Umsebenzi uncitshisiwe kakhulu, kuphela ziifaroles ezibalekayo kwiKibo crater. Ngenxa yezi fumaroles, ukuqhekeka komhlaba kunye nokuwa komhlaba kwenzekile, kodwa kungabalulekanga kangako.

Ukuqhuma kokugqibela kwe-volcano kungenzeka ukuba kwenzeka malunga neminyaka eyi-100.000 XNUMX edlulileyo. Umsebenzi wokugqibela wentaba-mlilo ushicilelwe malunga neminyaka engama-200. Nangona uShira noMawenzi belahlekile ngokupheleleyo, oosonzululwazi bafunda le ntaba-mlilo kwaye abayikhuphi into yokuba kungenzeka ukuba uKibo ngenye imini angaqhushumba. Nangona kunjalo, ayiyiyo intaba-mlilo enalo naluphi na uhlobo lwengozi, ukuze ukonwabele ngokukuko konke ukubukeka kwayo. Kulapha kuphela apho sinokujonga khona umahluko phakathi kwekhephu kunye ne-savanna.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi ngeNtaba yeKilimanjaro kunye nazo zonke iimpawu zayo.