Izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic

Izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic

Las Izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic ziziphazamiso kumhlaba wemagnethi woMhlaba othatha iiyure ezimbalwa ukuya kwiintsuku. Imvelaphi yabo ingaphandle kwaye zibangelwa ukwanda ngokukhawuleza kweengqungquthela ezikhutshwe yi-solar flares ezifikelela kwi-magnetosphere, ukudala utshintsho kwintsimi yamagnetic yomhlaba. Izaqhwithi ze-Geomagnetic zendalo yonke kwaye ziqala kuzo zonke iindawo eMhlabeni ngaxeshanye. Noko ke, ubukhulu bezaqhwithi ezibonwayo buyahluka kwiindawo ngeendawo, yaye okukhona isibanzi siphezulu, kokukhona sisiba sikhulu.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic, zeziphi iimpawu kunye nobungozi bazo.

Ukwenziwa kwezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic

Izaqhwithi zegeomagnetic esithubeni

Ukwenzeka kwezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic kunxulumene nomsebenzi welanga. Ilanga lihlala likhupha amasuntswana kwinto ebizwa ngokuba "ngumoya welanga." La masuntswana adla ngokungangeni kumoya ojikeleze umhlaba kuba ephambukiswa yimagnetosphere yoMhlaba.

Nangona kunjalo, iLanga alinawo umsebenzi oqhubekayo, kodwa kunoko libonisa umsebenzi oguquguqukayo kwixesha le-11 leminyaka, ebizwa ngokuba yi "solar cycle", ebalwa ngenani leendawo zelanga elizibonayo kwixesha ngalinye. umzuzu. . Ebudeni balo mjikelo weminyaka eli-11, iLanga liye lahluka ukusuka kumsebenzi omncinci ophantse unyamalale ama-sunspots ukuya kumsebenzi omkhulu kunye nokwanda okukhulu kwinani le-sunspot.

I-Sunspots ihambelana nemimandla ipholile kwiphotosphere yelanga apho imagnethi yomelele kakhulu kwaye ithathwa njengemimandla esebenzayo yelanga. Kula mabala elanga apho ii-solar flares kunye ne-coronal mass ejections (CMEs) zenziwe. ) Ihambelana nogqabhuko-dubulo olunobundlongondlongo oluphosa ubuninzi bezinto ze-coronal kwi-interplanetary medium, ngaloo ndlela iguqula ubuninzi bomoya welanga kunye nesantya sawo.

Xa ii-CMEs zinkulu ngokwaneleyo kwaye zenzeka kwicala loMhlaba, ukuxinana okwandisiweyo kunye nesantya somoya welanga kunokujika imagnetosphere yoMhlaba, idale izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic. Ezi zichaphazela iplanethi yonke ngexesha elifanayo, kwaye kuxhomekeke kwindlela umoya welanga ufikelela ngayo ngokukhawuleza ukugxotha, kunokuthatha usuku okanye iintsuku ezimbalwa ukuba zenzeke, ekubeni le nto iyenzeka kwiLanga.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani lemishini yesathelayithi iye yaziswa emajukujukwini ukuze esweni umsebenzi welanga kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nokukwazi ukulumkisa nge-coronal mass ejections ezinokuchaphazela uMhlaba.

Ukulinganisa njani izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic?

umonakalo zonxibelelwano

Isaqhwithi se-geomagnetic sirekhodwa kwiindawo zokujonga i-geomagnetic njengophazamiso olukhawulezileyo oluchaphazela amacandelo omhlaba wobuzibuthe kwaye luqhubeke usuku okanye ngaphezulu kude kubuye ukuzola.

ukulinganisa ubukhulu bezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic i-Geomagnetic Index yasetyenziswa. Kwezi, ezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu sisalathiso se-Dst, esimele umsebenzi wemagnethi wothungelwano lweendawo ezine ze-geomagnetic observatories ezibekwe kufutshane ne-ikhweyitha yamagnetic, kunye nesalathiso seeyure ezintathu, esimele umsebenzi.

I-Geomagnetism yenziwa rhoqo kwiiyure ezintathu. Phakathi kokugqibela, isalathiso sika-K sesona sisetyenziswa kakhulu, esisisalathiso se-quasi-logarithmic geomagnetic index, esimele ukuphazamiseka kwendawo ye-geomagnetic yasekhaya, kwaye isekwe kwigophe lokwahluka kwe-diurnal ye-geomagnetic observatory ngeentsuku ezizolileyo. Oku kulinganiswa ngezithuba zeeyure ezintathu. Kwinqanaba leplanethi, isalathiso se-Kp sichaziwe, esifunyanwa ngokubala umndilili olinganisiweyo we-K indices eziqatshelwe kuthungelwano lwelizwe jikelele lwe-geomagnetic observatories.

I-arhente yaseMelika i-NOAA ichaze isikali ukulinganisa ubunzulu kunye nefuthe lezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic. Iqulathe amaxabiso anokwenzeka amahlanu (G1 ukuya kwi G5) enxulumene nexabiso lesalathisi se Kp elifikelelweyo kwaye limele. umyinge oqhelekileyo ezenzeka ngawo kumjikelo ngamnye welanga.

Imozulu yaseSikhathini ibandakanya uphononongo lweemeko zokusingqongileyo phakathi kweLanga noMhlaba okubangelwa kukusebenza kwelanga kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nayo.

Okwangoku, kukho imibutho emininzi kwihlabathi jikelele egxile kwimozulu yasemajukujukwini, esebenzela ukubeka iliso kwilanga kunye nefuthe lalo eMhlabeni, idibanisa idatha esuka kwiisathelayithi, i-geomagnetic observatories, kunye nezinye izinzwa. ESpeyin, iNational Space Meteorology Service (SEMNES) iqhuba le mishini yokubeka iliso kunye nokusabalalisa, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kweNational Geographic Institute enikezela ngedatha evela kwi-geomagnetic observatory.

Iziphumo zezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic

uqhwithela lwelanga

IiAuroras

Izaqhwithi ze-Geomagnetic zihlala zincinci kwisikali kwaye azibangeli nawuphi na umonakalo. Izibane ezisenyakatho kwi-hemisphere esenyakatho kunye nezibane ezisezantsi kwi-hemisphere esemazantsi zezona zibonakaliso ezimnandi kakhulu zezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic, ezidalwe ngamasuntswana elanga ahlawuliswayo asebenzisana nomoya womhlaba. Xa isixa esikhulu sezinto sifika ngenxa yempembelelo ye-coronal mass ejection, Imagnethi yomhlaba izama ukuphambukisa la masuntswana, kodwa ekugqibeleni bade bangene kwindawo ekufutshane neepali zemagnethi kwaye banxibelelane neengqimba eziphezulu zomoya ojikeleze umhlaba. ezi maleko, amasuntswana anxibelelana nomoya kwiGases (ioksijini, initrogen) basebenzisane, nto leyo eya kulungelelanisa umbala owubonayo.

Nangona ii-auroras zixhaphake kwiindawo eziphakamileyo, xa zinxulunyaniswa nezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic ezigqithisileyo, zinokubonwa kwiindawo ezisezantsi kakhulu. Ngoko, umzekelo, isaqhwithi esikhulu "Isiganeko seCarrington" ngoSeptemba 1, 1859 savelisa i-auroras eYurophu, kuMbindi Melika, naseHawaii. ESpain, le nto yayidume kakhulu kwaye yabikwa ngamajelo asekuhlaleni ngelo xesha.

Umonakalo wesaqhwithi seGeomagnetic

Kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga apho izaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic zinamandla ngakumbi, zinokubangela umonakalo kwiziseko ezingundoqo nakubantu.

Kwelinye icala, iisathelayithi zisesichengeni sokuchaphazeleka isenzo samasuntswana ahlawulisiweyo anamandla, anokonakalisa isakhiwo sayo okanye achaphazele ukusebenza kwawo. Oku kunokuchaphazela iinkqubo zokubeka, iinkqubo zokuhamba, okanye iisathelayithi zonxibelelwano, ezibangela umonakalo omkhulu kunye nelahleko yemali kuzo zonke iziseko ezixhomekeke kwezi nkqubo ukuba zisebenze.

Kwelinye icala, uthungelwano losasazo lwamandla kunye nemibhobho yentsimbi engaphantsi komhlaba enokuthi ibangele imisinga ye-geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) inovakalelo kakhulu. Olu hlobo lwangoku lunokonakalisa kakhulu uthungelwano lombane, lubangele ukuba ii-high-voltage transformers zitshise kakhulu okanye zitshise, njengoko kwenzekileyo ngesaqhwithi se-geomagnetic kaMatshi 13, 1989, loo nto yabangela ukucima kombane okwaziwayo eQuebec (Khanada). Imibhobho ye-oyile kunye negesi ichaphazeleka kwi-corrosion ngenxa ye-GIC, ngelixa iinkqubo zokubonisa i-traffic traffic zinokonakala, zibeka ingozi.

Abantu bakwachatshazelwa ziziphango ezinamandla zegeomagnetic xa behamba ngenqwelomoya. Ngesi sizathu, iinqwelomoya ezikwiindlela ezimhlophe zihlala ziphambukiswa ngexesha lezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic, kwaye oosomajukujuku kufuneka bahlale ebhodini de kuthothe iziphumo zesiphango.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nezaqhwithi ze-geomagnetic kunye neempawu zazo.


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