Iqonga lelizwekazi

ipanoramic yeshelfu yelizwekazi

Xa sithetha nge ipleyiti yetectonics ithiyoriSithi uqweqwe lomhlaba lwahlulwe langamacwecwe eetectonic. Oko kukuthi, kumaqonga elizwekazi kunye naselwandle asisiseko salo lonke uphuhliso lobomi. Inkqubo ye- Iqonga lelizwekazi ngumda wengqelekazi yelizwekazi. Oko kukuthi, kubhekiswa kuwo wonke umphezulu womgangatho ongaphantsi kwamanzi ophuma kunxweme de kubekho ukutsiba okungaphantsi kweemitha ezingama-200. Lo mmandla unobuninzi obukhulu bezilwanyana kunye nobomi bezityalo, yiyo loo nto unexabiso elikhulu kwezoqoqosho kwimimandla.

Kweli nqaku, siza kuchaza yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga neshelfu yelizwekazi kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.

Inkcazo yeshelfu yelizwekazi

Iqonga lelizwekazi

Inye into kukuba, xa sithetha ngokuma komhlaba, masithi le yinxalenye yelinye itectonic plate esizifumana sikuyo. Umahluko kukuba iphantsi kwamanzi kwaye le miqathango zenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukuba kubekho inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo. Ezi zinto ziphilayo zenza oko sikubiza ngokuba yiyantlukwano. Ukuphuhliswa kwezilwanyana nezityalo phantsi kolwandle kwandisa izibonelelo ezikhoyo ebantwini.

Ngayo yonke le nto, ukuxhaphazwa kwezimbiwa kunye namatye kuyasetyenziswa. Ke ukuze, ngokwezoqoqosho, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukwazi kwaye uchaze ukuba yintoni ishelfu yelizwekazi, ngo-1958 Ingqungquthela yaseGeneva yenze inkcazo kwelinye lamanqaku ayo. Ngaphantsi komthetho, ishelufu lelizwekazi liqonga elingaphantsi kwamanzi elijikeleze umhlaba welizwekazi ukuya kubunzulu obuphakathi kweemitha ezingama-200, ethi inike ithambeka eliphantsi lifike kububanzi obuphakathi kweekhilomitha ezingama-90.

Umda wangaphandle weqonga kufuneka ubenotshintsho olubukhali kwithambeka ukubonisa ukuphela. Ngasemva kolu tshintsho, sifumana umgangatho wolwandle ongenalo ixabiso elifanayo lezoqoqosho. Into esimele ukuyithetha kukuba ezi ziganeko zinike oorhulumente iintloko. Umgca apho utshintsho loncedo lubizwa ngokuba lithambeka lelizwekazi.

Umthetho womgaqo-siseko wayiguqula le nkcazo ikhankanywe apha ngasentla ngo-1982. yendalo yommandla wayo ukuya kumda ongaphandle komda welizwekazi, okanye ukuya kuthi ga kumgama wama-200 weemayile ukusuka ekuqaleni kolwandle lwendawo.

Icandelo leshelfu yelizwekazi

Ezi nkcazo zintsha zinike iikhonsepthi ezifanelekileyo ukuze kungabikho zimpazamo xa kuxhaphazwa oovimba bendalo. Ngayo yonke le nto, ishelfu yelizwekazi inokwahlulwa ngokugqibeleleyo ibe ziinxalenye ezimbini: umda welizwekazi kunye nethambeka lelizwekazi.

Umda welizwekazi

Uvimba wendalo

Eli candelo lokuqala lelona ligutyungelweyo kulo lonke ulwandiso olugxunyekwe kumhlaba welizwekazi. Yenziwe ikakhulu yile ibhedi kunye nomhlaba ongaphantsi kommandla ongaphantsi kwamanzi, ithambeka kunye nommandla wokunyuka kwelizwekazi. Nangona kunjalo, eli candelo liphela alibandakanyi olona lwandle lunzulu ngaphaya ngaphaya kweemitha ezingama-200 ubunzulu. Iqonga linqunyulwe kwiindawo ezigabadeleyo nezikude ngumgama othi ayiqhelekanga i-350 yeemayile zemayile ukusuka kulwandle.

Indawo yonke apho ubutyebi bendalo bokuxhaphaza kunye noqoqosho bufunyenwe bungaphantsi kwamanzi. Apha, ubomi baselwandle bubanzi kwaye bufana, yiyo loo nto uninzi lokuloba lwenzeka apha. Ukuya elwandle ukuloba kubiza kakhulu, kungasebenzi kakuhle kwaye kuyingozi. Ke ngoko, inqanaba loqoqosho lokubuya kubalulekile xa sithetha ngenzuzo yeemveliso.

Asipheleli nje ekufumaneni oovimba abaxabisekileyo abanjengeentyatyambo nezilwanyana, kodwa sikwaneendawo apho ikota yolondolozo lweoyile kunye negesi ifumaneka khona. Ke, Akuqhelekanga ukubona iirigs zeoyile zisenza into yazo kwiindawo zeshelfu zelizwekazi. Ingxaki koku kukuchaphazeleka okubangelwa kukukhutshwa kweoyile kubomi baselwandle. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezisongelwa yingxolo evela kwiinkampani zeoyile, ungcoliseko lwamanzi, ukuqhekeka kunye nokonakala kweendawo zokuhlala, njl. Ngokwesiqhelo, yintoni ebonelela ngoqoqosho itshabalalisa indalo.

Ithambeka lelizwekazi

Icandelo leshelfu yelizwekazi

Eli elinye icandelo leshelfu yelizwekazi Ngummandla ongaphantsi kwamanzi okhoyo phakathi kweemitha ezingama-200 ubunzulu kunye neemitha ezingama-4000 phantsi kolwandle. Kwithambeka sinokufumana utshintsho olubalulekileyo kuyo yonke i-morphology yendawo kunye nokukhululeka. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukujonga Iintlambo, iintlambo kunye nemiwonyo emikhulu phakathi kolwandle. Unokubona ukugoba komhlaba kumathambeka asentshona kuba aqale ukubulela kukuqokelelwa kwentlenge ebekwe yimilambo evela kumazwe akufuphi.

Ubomi bezilwanyana nezityalo kule ndawo bunzima ngakumbi. I-biomass iyancipha ukusukela kubunzulu apho ikhoyo ayivumeli ukuba ilanga lifike kubo kwaye banokwanda. Kuwo wonke lo mmandla wentaba yelizwekazi ngumgangatho wolwandle ofikelela kwiimitha ezingama-4000 ubunzulu. Apha ithambeka eliqhelekileyo lihlala liphakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-7 degrees, nangona kwezinye iindawo inokufikelela kwiidigri ezingama-25 kwaye idlule nakwiidigri ezingama-50.

Ngokumalunga nomphezulu, sinokufumana imiphezulu phakathi kwe-8 kunye ne-10 km ubude ukuya kuthi ga kwi-270 km.

Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho

Indawo yokutsala izixhobo

Akumangalisi ukuba oorhulumente baye balwa nzima Ngubani onokusebenzisa ezi ndawo kwaye axhamle kwezoqoqosho kwizibonelelo zabo. Phakathi kobuninzi bezityalo zolwandle ezisetyenziswa kwizithambiso, ikhemesti, amayeza, njl. Izilwanyana zokubuyiselwa, ukulungiswa kwezitya, inzala ethinjiweyo, iitanki zentlanzi, umhlaba wokuloba, njl. Kwaye izixhobo zamandla ezinjengeoyile okanye oovimba begesi yendalo, sifumana iqonga elityebileyo kakhulu kwizibonelelo zazo zonke iintlobo.

Njengoko ubona, ishelufu lelizwekazi libaluleke ngakumbi kunokuba linokuvela kwigama lalo kwaye ndiyathemba ukuba ngolwazi olunje ungafunda ngakumbi ngalo.


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